Business Ethic

MGT3201/3231: ASSESSMENT CRITERIA AND GRADING STRUCTURE Individual Case Study (20%) This appraisal standards and reviewing structure is utilized as the: 1. general rules for stamping composed coursework, and 2. criticism to the understudies for future improvement. |Content |Analysis |Evidence of Reflection |Achievement of Learning | |Outcomes | |20 |Excellent nature of |Extremely through analysis|Describes and assesses all |Full union of the | |content; wide range |of material given; high |events from different |module through the | |of alternatives considered, |level of mindfulness |perspectives; moves |achievement learning | |imaginative and imaginative |and desires; |concepts past that |outcomes and full | |17 |approach. Superb range |convincing and clear |particular setting; |understanding of the | |of proper assets |justification of decisions |recognizing and legitimizing |process. | |used. |made. |the effect of a particular | |situation on learning. | |16. |Very great quality c ontent,|Very through investigation; |Describes advertisement assesses some |Some assessment of the | |wide scope of choices |very great degree of |events from various |Learning Outcomes. | |considered, through |self-mindfulness and |perspectives; moves some | |approach. Excellent use of|aspirations; through |concepts; can perceive | |14 |resources accessible. |justification of decisions |impact of explicit situations| | |made. |on learning. | |13. 9 |Good quality substance, |Good investigation; great level |Describes and assesses |Evidence of use of| | sensible scope of |of mindfulness; some |events yet remains in one |the learning results. | |options considered. Great |justification of decisions |domain. | |use of assets. |made. | |10 | |9. 9 |Satisfactory content with |Some investigation; some levels|Uses commonsense and simplistic|Evidence of comprehension | |few alternatives considered. |of mindfulness, little |statements to depict |the Learning Outcomes. | |May be less through |justification.Limited |events; some feeling of cause | |approach. Some proof of|explanation of decisions |and impact; some feeling of | |6 |use of assets. |made. |transfer. | |5. 9 |Meager nature of content,|Adequate examination; little |Descries individual experience |Acknowledgement of the | |only a couple of choices |level of mindfulness; |only; little feeling of cause |Learning Outcomes. | |considered. Basic, |limited legitimization; |and impact; little feeling of | |limited approach.Poor use|poor clarification of |transfer. | |3 |of assets. |choices made. | |2. 9 |Very low quality of |No proof of investigation. |Describes individual experience|Few Learning Outcomes | |content, no detail. No | |in a shortsighted way in particular. |achieved. | |evidence’s of utilization of | |0 |resources. | ? 1500 word Report (barring reference sections) Content, significance to the point title, genuineness of material gave and so on ? Writing Review (Resources) ? Accentuation on Refere ncing (Harvard Referencing System) ? The Assignment ought to be of an examination, evaluative, contentious, amalgamation of good legitimizations, thinking , compact and clear and magnificent scope of suitable assets utilized as opposed to absolutely enlightening and ought to incorporate various addendums, containing Supporting proof for discoveries, investigation, ends and Recommendations Assessment Class:MGT3201/MGT3231 Business Ethics Case Study: Group Members:1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 1) Define the Issue __________________________________________________________________ ) Analysis/Arguments __________________________________________________________________ 3) Evidence of reflection/Justification __________________________________________________________________ 4) Moral Reasoning/Achievement of Learning Outcome __________________________________________________________________ 5) Resources __________________________________________________________________ Total Score:_____/100 imprints F inal Percentage:_____/20% Guidelines for the Individual Report (20%) In request to encourage handling of the Academic standard of report, if it's not too much trouble follow the general rules for the organization and arrangement of the individual report. Must have the accompanying arranging: | |Spacing †twofold line sections | |Font †Tahoma 10 or 11 point or Times New Roman 12 point | |Bolds †accentuation of passage titles or headings | |Margins set at 1† (top, base, left and right sides) | |Justification †left | |Page numbering: starting on first page of report (not spread page) | |Headers or footers: name of understudy and ID, program of study, scholarly meeting | |Spelling and sentence structure checked | |Programs †Microsoft Word or Excel in the event that you have tables is liked. |

Personal goals Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Individual objectives - Essay Example By calling I am into Nursing. Nursing truly implies crafted by thinking about the debilitated or harmed or sick. This as I would see it is a respectable calling of satisfying the clinical needs of a patient and giving the best consideration to him to cause him to overlook his torment and distress. Being a head Nurse, I realize that I need to live by model, so as to persuade all my colleagues to make their best commitment towards tolerant consideration. Proficient Short term objective: One expert transient objective for me is set up my group of submitted nurture in such a way, that we could get the 'best group of medical caretaker's honor' for the year 2008. I comprehend this would involve an assurance on our part, shared comprehension and parcel of difficult work. A chain is supposed to be as solid as the most vulnerable connection in it. A group is additionally made out of various individuals with varying capacities, and inspiration levels. We do understand that a durable group of profoundly energetic Nurses can in this manner do ponders for the calling, individuals' consideration and development of the association. Fu-Jin Shih et al (2006) expressed that 'humankind as showed by empathic and conscious mentalities' is one of the fundamental beliefs of Nursing. All together that all individual Nurses in my group teach this general concept, I'll be buckling down with the group. One long haul Professional Goal: I see long haul achievement implies satisfying th... Regardless, the acknowledgment as a commendable worker of mankind puts forth the attempts worth charming. Once, as a group head, I am ready to set up my qualifications, I'd prefer to be part the center overseeing group, with the goal that I can take some strong activities towards the government assistance of patients just as the Nurses at my working environment. In spite of the fact that it may show up too driven to even consider becoming genuine soon enough, however I realize it is significant for a group chief that she can take all conceivable government assistance measures for her colleagues. This would eventually profit the association. Preparing and improvement of Nurses is one of my objective territories where I'd prefer to concentrate on once I am on the administration board. Various examinations have turned out on the side of the idea that preparation had a positive effect, especially in the degree to which the work practice of representatives, for example, nursing colleagues can influence the prosperity of clients (Burgio and Burgio, 1990). Individual Short term objective: It is significant that the individual life stays an empowering power in the quest for proficient objectives. In the event that once can leave for a considerable length of time's works with a cheerful grin from relatives and kids, it will undoubtedly convert into better client care at the work place. Subsequently, for satisfaction of my family I plan to take seven days to fifteen days leave from my office so I could have an agreeable Europe visit with my family. This would clearly welcome grins on the essences of children, which thusly will assist me with foregetting all concerns and invigorate me for a new innings of expert help. I am masterminding enough cash for the visits and inside next one two months I'll be conversing with head out offices to settle the agenda. Individual Long Term objective: Being into the emergency clinic administrations,

Mood Swings in Borderline Personality Disorder

Mood Swings in Borderline Personality Disorder BPD Print Mood Swings in Borderline Personality Disorder By Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD, is a clinical psychologist and associate professor of psychology at Eastern Connecticut State University. Learn about our editorial policy Kristalyn Salters-Pedneault, PhD Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on July 07, 2019 Tom Merton/Getty Images More in BPD Diagnosis Treatment Living With BPD Related Conditions People with borderline personality disorder (BPD) often experience very intense mood swings. But how can these mood swings be distinguished from normal variations in mood, or from the types of mood swings associated with other disorders? People with BPD often feel like they are on an emotional rollercoaster and typically have an unstable sense of self and extreme fear of abandonment. BPD is part of the Cluster B personality disorders, which are marked by dramatic, emotional, or erratic behavior.?? Lets explore the typical pattern of mood swings in BPD, and how they are different from mood swings that we all experience from time to time. In addition, there are many co-occurring  symptoms that a person with BPD will typically experience, which can help differentiate it from other conditions. Mood Swings Everyone experiences emotional ups and downs, but people with BPD tend to experience mood swings that are more intense and frequent than the typical person and last between a few hours and a few days.?? While its normal to have your mood shift from feeling good to feeling down, someone with BPD may experience very extreme mood shifts for minor reasonsâ€"going from feeling okay to feeling devastated, desperate, or completely hopeless within a matter of moments. In fact, many people with BPD feel so overwhelmed by these intense emotional shifts that they engage in impulsive behaviors such as substance abuse, binge eating,  self-harm,  or even suicidal thoughts or behaviors,???  in order to feel better. These mood swings may also happen frequently. Someone with BPD can have many mood swings in the course of a day, whereas most people will only experience one or two major emotional shifts in the course of a week. In addition, while most people have times in their lives when they are more emotionally vulnerable than other times, people with BPD experience emotional ups and downs consistently for years. This can result in unstable interpersonal relationships with loved ones, friends, and colleagues. Some other symptoms of this disorder may include:?? Intense anger that they have trouble controllingParanoid thoughtsExtreme sensitivity to perceived rejection and abandonmentFeelings of emptinessInability to self-sootheFeeling dissociated from oneself, including observing oneself from outside the body or not feeling in touch with reality External Trigger as a Distinguishing Factor Mood swings in BPD can also be distinguished from other types of mood problems by examining the triggers that precede the mood shift. Very often, a mood swing in BPD happens in reaction to an external trigger, and these triggers are often related to perceived rejection or abandonment by another person.?? Though researchers are still trying to understand the borderline personality brain, they know that its fight-or-flight response is easily triggered, causing the rational part of the brain to turn off and the survival instinct to turn on. This makes the person act in ways that are inappropriate or out-of-proportion to the situation.?? If You Have Mood Swings Does It Mean You Have BPD? Keep in mind that even if you have mood swings that fit the description above, this is just one of a number of symptoms of BPD. Having mood swings alone is not enough to warrant a diagnosis of BPD. However, if you are finding that your emotional ups and downs are interfering with your work, school, relationships, or enjoyment of life, it makes sense to seek out professional help. Remember its important to take good care of your emotional health, just as you would your physical health.

The Non Commissioned Officer ( Nco ) Corps - 1193 Words

The Non-Commissioned Officer (NCO) Corps needs help in the promotion process or the future of the NCO Corps will be in danger of having well educated NCO’s without job-related experience. It has automatic promotions for lower enlisted soldiers, letting them get promoted without knowing military or job-related items. NCOs’ can get promoted in the current process without even doing their job as long as they know how to get by a promotion board. NCO’s only had to memorize some regulations, field manuals, and a few Creeds to pass a promotion board. The promotion boards do not even ask job-related questions to see if the NCO knows anything about his current position. The current promotion process uses a points system and holds soldiers back from getting promoted. The point system is broken down but puts too much emphasis on certain areas which have nothing to do with their current position. This current promotion system has to change just like the way the mili tary is asking NCO’s to change and become more civilian-educated. The new promotion process I am recommending is written testing/hands on testing job permitting. The tests are Military Occupational Specialty (MOS) Knowledge Test (MKT) and Military Promotion Examination (MPE). The results of these tests would give the soldier a skill identifier of 1-12 and would be annotated on their Enlisted Records Brief (ERB). The skill identifier would give the soldiers a graded scale on military and job knowledge. The skillShow MoreRelatedThe Non Commissioned Officer (NCO); the backbone of the Marine Corps. The driving force behind1000 Words   |  4 PagesThe Non Commissioned Officer (NCO); the backbone of the Marine Corps. The driving force behind the battle of Belleau Wood, the battle of Hue City, the fight for Fallujiah, the taking of Marjah and, most recently, the battle against suicide and sexual harassment. No other group of men and women in the world have been called to fight across such a broad area of operation. As we look at the ever-adapting r ole of the NCO, we must first look to the past. One of the foremost examples that comes toRead MoreHistory of the Marine Nco840 Words   |  4 PagesRole of the Marine Non Commissioned Officer After the Vietnam War ended, the Marine Corps’ main focus changed from broad scale operations, to being an Expeditionary Force in Readiness. Although this was no new role for the United States Marine Corps (USMC), there have been many changes in society, technology and tactics that affect how the Corps operates. However, over the last 36 years one thing has remained the same, and that is the role of the Marine Non Commissioned Officer (NCO). With the worldRead MoreRoles And Responsibilities Of A Non Commissioned Officer1595 Words   |  7 PagesResponsibilities of a Non-Commissioned Officer within the U.S. Army J. Davisson ji// ? 1-1 ) ,, 21l)ecember2014 .,.._Q_ .,If f_ 1  ·; f ~ff. D ~~ ~ ~ I ~ 5 l J~ ~ r A f LI t~_ ,r,. et ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF A NON-COMMISSIONED OFFICER WITHIN THE U.S. ARMY ,., ., _.-,[_::.... - -- . - -- The Corps of Non-Commissioned Officers (NC Os) date back to the 15th century, therefore its significance and legacy is older than our nation itself. Since that time, the roles of the NCO and the responsibilitiesRead MoreNco Respect Essay1566 Words   |  7 PagesThere are many reasons why lower enlisted soldiers should respect non-commissioned officers in the military. It is important to respect an non-commissioned officer in order to keep the balance in the work place. Even if respect is not deserved or given back to you, the military still expects you to give them respect because they are appointed above you. Not showing them respect will result in getting yourself in trouble that will make yourself look bad to your other superiors. Punishments willRead MoreThe Army Corps Of Non Commissioned Officers Essay1678 Words   |  7 PagesIn recent years, the Army Corps of Non-Commissioned Officers has exhibited signs of decline in both effectiveness and professionalism. The Corps of Non-Commissioned Officers has faced many challenges that are unprecedented in the history of military service including a core shift in the societal values toward a confused and submissive populous creating a pool of potential Soldiers entering service without the mental or physical toughness to make the transition to military life and be successfulRead MoreCdawg3338 Words   |  14 PagesOfficer and Noncommissioned Officer Relationship MSG Terwan Crawley United States Army Sergeants Major Academy Class 63 SGM Johnny Williams March 29, 2013 Abstract The disparity between officers and non-commissioned officers (NCO) in the military still prevails on the social and professional levels. The major issue of the relationship between these groups of men is considered an issue of class structure which is attributed to the differences in the educational levels between them. NCOsRead MoreMilitary Respect and Disrespect1438 Words   |  6 Pagesmilitary it is used to train people so that they are good at their job/career as they have improved due to discipline. Disrespect to a Non-Commissioned Officer; which is where if told by an NCO to do a task a soldier blatantly tells the NCO a story as to why he or she cannot or has not yet performed the task that was assigned. Respect to a Non-Commissioned Officer; which is where the soldier that was told to complete the task at hand no matter how ridiculous as long as it is not immoral replies withRead MoreOrganizational Behavior Of The United States Marine Corps1602 Words   |  7 Pagesthan t he United States Marine Corps. Rich in its tradition and history, the United States Marine Corps has a robust structure, very unique culture, and a fervent passion that is almost indescribable as words will only fail to articulate what it means to be a Marine. This inevitable failure of an attempt will begin anyways, but in the hopes that some learning will occur, as we study what is the organizational behavior of the United States Marine Corps. The Marine Corps is not just an organization butRead MoreIncreasing the Empowerment of the American NCO over Time1694 Words   |  7 PagesThe Increasing Empowerment of the American NCO Over Time Introduction Over the course of time, the non-commissioned officer (or NCO) in America has been given more and more power. There are three important factors that have caused this, including (a) increased responsibility, (b) discipline issues, and (c) an increased number of conflicts (Dupuy, 1992; Spade, 2011). In other words, NCOs have simply needed to take on more work, especially as more conflicts throughout the world have resulted inRead MoreFicer Corps And The Noncommissioned Officer2199 Words   |  9 PagesAbstract The officer corps and the noncommissioned officer corps in the Army go all the back to before the founding fathers formed the country. Both of these corps have adapted and changed according to wars and conflicts the nation has participated. The success of the Army is dependent on the ability of officers and noncommissioned officers to work together. Training, education and mentorship lead to officers and noncommissioned officer serving as the cornerstone of the Army. â€Æ' Establishing roles

Strategic Analysis - 2944 Words

1. Executive Summary This proposal analyzes the feasibility of establishing a neighborhood bar in a gentrified mixed use area that abuts a university. The conceptual model used for the design and operations of the neighborhood bar familiarly known as Cheers and it is the equivalent of the Starbucks concept Third Place. The target area in which the neighborhood bar would be sited contains virtually no informal gathering places for neighborhood residents. A number of shops and upscale restaurants line the pedestrian mall in the center of the neighborhood, but the business hours of these enterprises preclude casual use by those who live in the neighborhood but commute to jobs in nearby urban areas or at the university. A Porters Five Forces analysis indicates that there are only a few factors that would have negative influence on the establishment of a neighborhood bar in the location selected and these barriers are not substantial, nor are they sufficient to prevent the establishment a nd survival of the proposed business. The SWOT analysis triangulates well with the Five Forces analysis, adding credibility to the potential for establishing a profitable enterprise in the target area. The customer base is adequate, growing, and indicates interest in the neighborhood bar Two main market segments can be well-served by the establishment The location is convenient and attractive for both residents and students No competition in the category currently exists in the targetShow MoreRelatedStrategic Analysis Of Pfizers Strategic Analysis1257 Words   |  6 Pagesproject is the final of three reports I will complete as part of the strategic analysis of Pfizer. This report focuses on strategic implementation and includes the following sections. First, the major concepts related to strategy implementation will be defined. Second, those concepts will be applied to the case of Pfizer in order to analyze its corporate governance, organizational structure and strategic leadership. The analysis of Pfizer will be followed by its evaluation to identify the majorRead MoreStrategic Analysis Of Zappos.com : Strategic Analysis3424 Words   |  14 PagesStrategic Analysis of Zappos.com Zappos.com, established in 1999, has rapidly become a strong competitor in online apparel and footwear sales. With the original corporate vison of offering the absolute best selection in shoes; the vision has evolved over the past several years to include the goal of being the retailer that â€Å"provides the absolute best service online -- not just in shoes, but in any category† (Zappos, 2014). The online retailer stocks millions of reasonably priced footwear products;Read MoreStrategic Analysis For Strategic Foresight1186 Words   |  5 PagesGuidelines for strategic foresight utilizing outside materials to provide support. The paper will address the value of strategic forecasting to an organization. Drivers, change trajectories, and turning points will be discussed. The role of theory in emergency management will be outlined. The paper will introduce the importance of strategic vision in relation to a time continuum. Strategies is communicating strategic action plan s will be reviewed. Strategic Forecasting Strategic forecasting providesRead MoreSmartMart: Strategic Analysis1723 Words   |  7 Pagesorganic products and innovative management style are SmartMart’s core competence. SmartMart is at a strategic watershed moment and is reassessing its existing business model. Big players such as Big-Box Mart have added organic products to their line and are selling them at very low price, thereby reducing SmartMart’s market share. In order to remain competitive, SmartMart has identified three key strategic areas: store-format, bio-fuels and a new organics 2.0 label. Overall Strategy for SmartMart MyRead MoreAnalysis of Strategic Position1430 Words   |  6 PagesANALYSIS OF STRATEGIC POSITION Deutsche Post World Net has a unique spectrum of international services including brands DHL, Deutsche Post and Postbank with different types of services. Thus, we have decided to focus on DHL in this analysis in order to better understand to strategic position within logistic services. 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Introduction 1.1 Purpose 1.2 Scope 1.3 Method 1.4 Background 4 5 5 5 5 5 2. Findings 2.1 Stakeholder Analysis 2.2 Strategic Transformation 2.3 Core Foundation 2.3.1 Mission 2.3.2 Values 6 6 8 9 9 10 2.4 Strategic Intent 2.4.1 Vision 2.4Read MoreLvmh Strategic Analysis1631 Words   |  7 Pagessustainable growth. The main problem to achieve it is the high dependency on three main countries, France, Japan and USA. This becomes a threat because if there is an economic downturn in one country it affects LVMH directly that is why. ANALYSIS Financial analysis. LVMH founds itself in a stable financial situation. Being positioned as the market leader they have better financial results than the rest of the competitors. Although the sales results for 2004 were under the industry s average theRead MoreCarlsbergs Strategic Analysis15964 Words   |  64 PagesInternal and External Analysis of Carlsberg Group Class and group/team number   Ã‚   Group/team members/participants Date 13.01.2012 Number of characters (including spaces, footnotes, end notes and text boxes) 84,649 characters Signatures of all the participating group/team members ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ ______________________ __________________________ Read MoreStrategic Analysis Essay858 Words   |  4 PagesStrategic Plan Analysis Paper Sunkist is a leading international citrus supplier, but what you might not know is that they do not own a single citrus grove, and although they are a billion dollar a year organization, you cannot buy stock-because there is none. Sunkist is a cooperative not-for-profit company with over 6,000 citrus grower members from California and Arizona and has joined forces to produce the high-quality Sunkist fruit you have come to know and love. Sunkist is one of

You Are What You Eat Free Essays

A common phrase in today’s society is â€Å"You are what you eat. † To people today, the phrase means everyone is made up of junk food and immense amounts of sugar, but what would the phrase mean to the people of the Elizabethan Era? Even though people in the Elizabethan Era ate sugars and sweets, one did not eat as much. The people of the Elizabethan Era ate immense amounts of meat as we do sugar; hence, to add to the statement â€Å"You are what you eat,† people of the Elizabethan Era would most likely be meat and a lot of vegetables. We will write a custom essay sample on You Are What You Eat or any similar topic only for you Order Now The diet of the Elizabethan Era was made up of three main meals. Breakfast is considered the most important meal of the day. Breakfast can either start one’s day off great, or one could start off their day in a bad mood if one doesn’t get the jump start from breakfast. Today many people have cereal or pop a piece of toast in the oven for breakfast; however, in the Elizabethan Era breakfast took more time and was considered an elegant meal (â€Å"Elizabethan Food†). The people of the Elizabethan Era ate many of the same things for breakfast as we do today. For example one in the Elizabethan Era would have eaten pancakes, bread, porridge, butter, or eggs for breakfast (â€Å"Elizabethan Food and Drink†). The author of Elizabethan Food and Drink website writes: Eggs were also eaten at breakfast. They were eaten â€Å"sunny side up† or beaten to make scrambled eggs. They were also mixed with bread crumbs to fry things such as fish. Another popular food for breakfast was pancakes, which were made from flour and egg batter. They were a treat for Sunday mornings. Elizabethans usually put jams such as grape, strawberry, and sometimes powdered sugar on them for a sweeter taste. â€Å"Elizabethan Food and Drink†) Today eggs are eaten as a side item to the main dish; instead, in the Elizabethan Era eggs were many times eaten as the main dish. In comparison to having a healthy breakfast such as eggs, many people ate pancakes on Sunday for a treat (â€Å"The Elegance in Every Elizabethan Food†). Just as some people do today, powdered sugar was put on the pancakes. Manchet was also eaten at the morning meal. Manchet is a roll or small loaf of white bread made of the finest wheat flour. Manchet was mainly eaten by the rich and royalty; however, the poor did have manchet on special occasions (â€Å"The Elegance in Every Elizabethan Food†). Manchet was often eaten with butter to add flavor. Butter was very common in the Elizabethan Era (â€Å"Elizabethan Era Diet-An Overview†). The second meal of the day is dinner. Today many people call this meal lunch. Dinner was served at 10:00 a. m. and lasted till 12:00 p. m. The men ate first at 10:00 a. m. ; furthermore, the women ate at 11:00 a. m. The rich had servants to not only serve the food, but also to hand feed the food to them. Dinner was a lighter version of supper. â€Å"Elizabethan dinner usually consisted of several kinds of fish, half a dozen different kinds of game, venison, various salads, vegetables, sweet meats, and fruits. † (â€Å"Elizabethan Food and Drink†). In the same way in which we use forks and knifes today so did the people in the Elizabethan Era. Utensils in the Elizabethan Era were forks, knifes, ladles, and spoons (â€Å"Elizabethan Food and Drink†). The fork and spoon were used during meals just like in today’s meals. â€Å"The knife and ladle were the main food preparing utensils† (â€Å"Elizabethan Food†). The ladle was used to scoop soup and many other foods. The knife was used to cut food; hence, the knife has the same purpose today. Finally the last meal of the day is supper. The last meal of the day started at 2:00 p. m. and ended at 3:00 p. m. (â€Å"Elizabethan England Life†). At supper the women ate first at promptly 2:00 p. m. and the men started eating at 2:30 p. m. Just like dinner, the rich had their food served and fed to them. Food served at dinner included heavy meats, soup, wine, vegetables, and some fruit (â€Å"Elizabethan England†). The meat served at dinner included ham, turkey, and cow (â€Å"Elizabethan Food†). These were the most common meats and the easiest meats to keep in storage. The soups served at dinner were considered light and were used to wash food down to one’s stomach (â€Å"Elizabethan Era Diet†). Vegetables were basically the same as today’s vegetables except the vegetables didn’t come in a can. Finally, the fruit was all home grown and didn’t have artificial sweetener. In addition to the main course, one had a drink or beverage. The most common drink was wine. The rich had wine with every meal except breakfast and the poor had wine with special meals (Elizabethan Food). Wine was homemade and the rich bought their wine from farmers. Likewise to today’s society there are always new foods being discovered. In the Elizabethan Era many new types of food were being discovered. New toppings included butter, strawberries, and powdered sugar (â€Å"Elizabethan Diet an Overview†). New drinks included milk and fruit juices. These toppings and drinks were considered a delicacy; therefore, only the rich had these foods and drinks on a regular basis. Over the years, food evolves along with everything else in the world, but the heart of the daily meals has always been the same. The diet of the Elizabethan Era consists of the three main meals. The first meal of the day is breakfast. The second meal of the day was called dinner. Finally the third meal of the day was called supper. These meals make up the diet of the Elizabethan Era. The phrase â€Å"You are what you eat† really has changed over the years; just imagine what people will think when this phrase is said twenty years from now. How to cite You Are What You Eat, Essay examples You Are What You Eat Free Essays Lauren McFall Mr. Gossett English 10H-4 March 17, 2008 You are What You Eat Throughout the past twenty years, obesity in the United States has drastically increased. Currently, one-hundred and seventeen billion people in the United States are obese. We will write a custom essay sample on You Are What You Eat or any similar topic only for you Order Now Out of those people, three-hundred thousand people die each year because of complications due to being over-weight. One out of every four children in the average school in the United States is over-weight. In an effort to combat this growing obesity epidemic, concerned members of the school community have petitioned the GRCSS School Board, recommending that high-calorie beverages in school vending machines and high-fat-content food items currently available from the hot-lunch menu be replaced by more healthful alternatives. Admittedly, one concern is that many schools have a hard time budgeting this kind of substitution. Healthful foods are currently more expensive for schools to provide, and also, schools worry that children who are addicted to eating their high-fat junk food will not buy healthful foods if they substitute them, decreasing income used for extra-curricular activities, sports, clubs and more. It is also true, of course, that some students will instead, bring in their own junk-food and high-calorie beverages from home. These concerns for altering the hot-lunch menu are genuine. However, if high-calorie beverages and foods in schools are replaced with more healthful alternatives, some children will establish more healthful eating habits at young ages, and carry that over with them into adult-hood. Schools that have made the switch have said, â€Å"It’s not true that children will only eat junk, they just need healthier choices. And granted the school may suffer financially, a school free of vending machines and fast food in the cafeteria values the well-being of their students. Another reason this switch could be beneficial is because research has shown that the high sugars in soda can be linked to hyperactivity, anxiety and difficulty concentrating. Children who eat junk food and drink regular soda are not getting essential vitamins and nutrients, decreasing the efficiency and effectiveness of their education in the classroom. Those students who take in their daily amounts of fruits and vegetables, and eat overall healthier meals, will feel better and have greater intentness in the classroom. Clearly, then, it is in the best interest of the students of schools that high-calorie beverages in vending machines and high-fat-content food be eliminated from hot-lunch menus. Not only will it establish more healthful eating habits in young-adults, but it will hopefully also limit the sickening statistics of obesity in our country. How to cite You Are What You Eat, Papers

The Plague Essays (467 words) - Plague, Epidemics, Absurdist Fiction

The Plague The Plague The novel that I chose to do this report on was, "The Plague", by Albert Camus. It is about a plague that hit the European countries in the middle ages. I chose to describe the literary term of parallelism. Here are some following facts about the story's plot that involve parallelism through the novel. The novel begins at Oran where the plague becomes known. The main character, Dr. Gernard Rieux, is a doctor. In the beginning of the story he finds a dead rat on the floor. Even in those times rats were not found dead on the middle of the floor. This was unusual, but he threw out the rat and forgot about it. Eventually the dead rats began to pile into large masses and burned. Soon after there were some people that got very sick, which made Mr. Rieux very curious. These reports of these ill people and the death of the rats were the beginning of the parallelism for this story. Since Bernard was a doctor he was the first to actually attempt to help one of these sick people. Michael was his first patient in this matter. He was the sickest person that the doctor had ever seen. Michael was pale white and vomited often, he hurt so much from the vomiting that he seemed paralyzed. Mr. Rieux tried to help the man the best that he could, but he ended up dying. Michael was the first person to die of this illness. After his death, many cases of this illness were reported widespread. Again more details of sickness and death, this is the parallelism for this novel. As the reports of sickness and death came to inform Dr. Rieux, he tried to comfort and cure the plagued patients. About ninety percent of the people infected had died. He wanted a stop to this plague. Quickly he linked the rats with the people. He knew that the rats began to get sick before the people did. At this time many people had the plague, except for the Chinese visitors. They never were infected. As the plot moves on death, sickness and the plague are still relevant. He studied their behaviors and everyday tasks and learned that they do something that was never often done in these middle ages. Not many people in these days bathed. The doctor began to notice that the people that bathed never got sick. So he asked all of his, still living patients, to take baths frequently. This proved to be the miracle cure for the people. The doctor asked his other fellow doctors to follow the same practice with their patients. The word was spread and the plague was soon wiped out. So as you can see, the literary term of parallelism was deemed very relevant through the ongoing plot. Death, sickness, and the plague epresented the story's parallelism. Albert Camus made parallelism the main literary term for this novel, given away by the title, "The Plague."

World War II USS Essex CV-9

World War II USS Essex CV-9 USS Essex Overview Nation: United StatesType: Aircraft CarrierShipyard: Newport News Shipbuilding Drydock CompanyLaid Down: April 28, 1941Launched: July 31, 1942Commissioned: December 31, 1942Fate: Scrapped USS Essex Specifications Displacement: 27,100 tonsLength: 872 ft.Beam: 147 ft., 6 in.Draft: 28 ft., 5 in.Propulsion: 8 Ãâ€" boilers, 4 Ãâ€" Westinghouse geared steam turbines, 4 Ãâ€" shaftsSpeed: 33 knotsRange: 20,000 nautical miles at 15 knotsComplement: 2,600 men USS Essex Armament 4 Ãâ€" twin 5 inch 38 caliber guns4 Ãâ€" single 5 inch 38 caliber guns8 Ãâ€" quadruple 40 mm 56 caliber guns46 Ãâ€" single 20 mm 78 caliber guns Aircraft 90-100 aircraft Design Construction Designed in the 1920s and early 1930s, the US Navys Lexington- and Yorktown-class aircraft carriers were built to conform to the limitations set forth by the Washington Naval Treaty. This agreement placed restrictions on the tonnage of various types of warships as well as limited each signatory’s overall tonnage. These types of restrictions were affirmed through the 1930 London Naval Treaty. As global tensions increased, Japan and Italy left the agreement in 1936. With the collapse of the treaty system, the US Navy began developing a design for a new, larger class of aircraft carrier and one which incorporated the lessons learned from the Yorktown-class. The resulting design was longer and wider as well as incorporated a deck-edge elevator system. This had been used previously on USS Wasp. In addition to carrying a larger air group, the new class possessed a greatly enhanced anti-aircraft armament. With the passage of the Naval Expansion Act on May 17, 1938, the US Navy moved forward with the construction of two new carriers. The first, USS Hornet (CV-8), was built to the Yorktown-class standard while the second, USS Essex (CV-9), was to be constructed using the new design. While work quickly commenced on Hornet, Essex and two additional vessels of its class, were not formally ordered until July 3, 1940. Assigned to the Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company, construction of Essex commenced on April 28, 1941. With the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and the US entry into World War II that December, work intensified on the new carrier. Launched on July 31, 1942, Essex completed fitting out and entered commission on December 31 with Captain Donald B. Duncan in command. Journey to the Pacific After spending the spring of 1943 conducting shakedown and training cruises, Essex departed for the Pacific in May. After a brief stop at Pearl Harbor, the carrier joined Task Force 16 for attacks against Marcus Island before becoming the flagship of Task Force 14. Striking Wake Island and Rabaul that fall, Essex sailed with Task Group 50.3 in November to aid in the invasion of Tarawa. Moving to the Marshalls, it supported Allied forces during the Battle of Kwajalein in January-February 1944. Later in February, Essex joined Rear Admiral Marc Mitschers Task Force 58. This formation mounted a series of hugely successful raids against the Japanese anchorage at Truk on February 17-18. Steaming north, Mitschers carriers then launched several attacks against Guam, Tinian, and Saipan in the Marianas. Completing this operation, Essex departed TF58 and sailed to San Francisco for an overhaul. Fast Carrier Task Force Embarking Air Group Fifteen, led by future US Navy top-scorer Commander David McCampbell, Essex conducted raids against Marcus and Wake Islands before rejoining TF58, also known as the Fast Carrier Task Force, for the invasion of the Marianas. Supporting American forces as they attacked Saipan in mid-June, the carriers aircraft took part in the pivotal Battle of the Philippine Sea on June 19-20. With the conclusion of the campaign in the Marianas, Essex shifted south to aid in Allied operations against Peleliu in September. After weathering a typhoon in October, the carrier mounted attacks on the Okinawa and Formosa before steaming south to provide cover for the landings on Leyte in the Philippines. Operating off the Philippines in late October, Essex participated in the Battle of Leyte Gulf which saw American aircraft sink four Japanese carriers. Final Campaigns of World War II After replenishing at Ulithi, Essex attacked Manila and other parts of Luzon in November. On November 25, the carrier sustained its first wartime damage when a kamikaze struck the port side of the flight deck. Making repairs, Essex remained at the front and its aircraft conducted strikes across Mindoro during December. In January 1945, the carrier supported Allied landings at Lingayen Gulf as well as launched a series of strikes against Japanese positions in the Philippine Sea including Okinawa, Formosa, Sakishima, and Hong Kong. In February, the Fast Carrier Task Force moved north and attacked the area around Tokyo before aiding in the invasion of Iwo Jima. In March, Essex sailed west and began operations to support the landings on Okinawa. The carrier remained on station near the island until late May. In the wars final weeks, Essex and other American carriers conducted strikes against the Japanese home islands. With the wars end on September 2, Essex received orders to sail for Br emerton, WA. Arriving, the carrier was deactivated and placed in reserve on January 9, 1947. Korean War After a brief time in reserve, Essex commenced a modernization program to better allow it to take the US Navys jet aircraft and improve its overall effectiveness. This saw the addition of a new flight deck and an altered island. Re-commissioned on January 16, 1951, Essex began shakedown maneuvers off Hawaii before steaming west to take part in the Korean War. Serving as the flagship of Carrier Division 1 and Task Force 77, the carrier debuted the McDonnell F2H Banshee. Conducting strikes and support missions for United Nations forces, Essexs aircraft attacked across the peninsula and as far north as the Yalu River. That September, the carrier sustained damaged when one its Banshees crashed into other aircraft on deck. Returning to service after brief repairs, Essex conducted a total of three tours during the conflict. With the end of the war, it remained in the region and took part in the Peace Patrol and evacuation of the Tachen Islands. Later Assignments Returning to Puget Sound Naval Shipyard in 1955, Essex began a massive SCB-125 modernization program which included the installation of an angled flight deck, elevator relocations, and installation of a hurricane bow. Joining the US Pacific Fleet in March 1956, Essex largely operated in American waters until being shifted to the Atlantic. After NATO exercises in 1958, it redeployed to the Mediterranean with the US Sixth Fleet. That July, ​Essex supported the US Peace Force in Lebanon. Departing the Mediterranean in early 1960, the carrier steamed to Rhode Island where it underwent a conversion to an anti-submarine warfare support carrier. Through the remainder of the year, Essex conducted a variety of training missions as the flagship of Carrier Division 18 and Antisubmarine Carrier Group 3. The ship also took part in NATO and CENTO exercises which took it to the Indian Ocean. In April 1961, unmarked aircraft from Essex flew reconnaissance and escort missions over Cuba during the failed Bay of Pigs invasion. Later that year, the carrier conducted a goodwill tour of Europe with port calls in the Netherlands, West Germany, and Scotland. Following a refit at the Brooklyn Navy Yard in 1962, Essex received orders to enforce the naval quarantine of Cuba during the Cuban Missile Crisis. On station for a month, the carrier aided in preventing additional Soviet materials from reaching the island. The next four years saw the carrier fulfill peacetime duties. This proved a quiet period until November 1966, when Essex collided with the submarine USS Nautilus. Though both vessels were damaged, they were able to safely make port. Two years later, Essex served as the recovery platform for Apollo 7. Steaming north of Puerto Rico, its helicopters recovered the capsule as well as astronauts Walter M. Schirra, Donn F. Eisele, and R. Walter Cunningham. Increasingly old, the US Navy elected to retire Essex in 1969. Decommissioned on June 30, it was removed from the Navy Vessel Register on June 1, 1973. Briefly held in mothballs, Essex was sold for scrap in 1975. Selected Sources DANFS: USS Essex (CV-9)USS Essex Association

The Untold History of American Indian Slavery

The Untold History of American Indian Slavery Long before the transatlantic African slave trade was established in North America a transatlantic slave trade in Indians had been occurring since the very earliest European arrivals. It was used as a weapon of war among the European colonists and as a tactic for survival among Indians who participated in the slave trade as slavers. It contributed to the fierce decline in Indian populations after the coming of the Europeans along with devastating disease epidemics and lasted well into the eighteenth century when it was replaced by African slavery. It has left a legacy still felt among Native populations in the east, and it is also one of the most hidden narratives in American historical literature. Documentation The historical record of the Indian slave trade is based on many disparate and scattered sources including legislative notes, trade transactions, journals of slavers, government correspondence and especially church records, making it difficult to account for the entire history. It is well known by historians that the slave trade began with the Spanish incursions into the Caribbean and Christopher Columbus’s taking of slaves, as documented in his own journals. Every European nation that colonized North America utilized Indian slaves for construction, plantations, and mining on the North American continent but more frequently in their outposts in the Caribbean and in the metropoles of Europe. As the pieces of the puzzle come together in the scholarship, historians note that nowhere is there more documentation than in South Carolina, what was the original English colony of Carolina, established in 1670. It is estimated that between 1650 and 1730 at least 50,000 Indians (and likely more due to transactions hidden to avoid paying government tariffs and taxes) were exported by the English alone to their Caribbean outposts. Between 1670 and 1717 far more Indians were exported than Africans were imported. In southern coastal regions, entire tribes were exterminated through slavery compared to disease or war. In a law passed in 1704, Indian slaves were conscripted to fight in wars for the colony long before the American Revolution. Indian Complicity and Complex Relationships Indians found themselves caught in between colonial strategies for power and economic control. The fur trade in the Northeast, the English plantation system in the south and the Spanish mission system in Florida collided with major disruptions to Indian communities. Indians displaced from the fur trade in the north migrated south where plantation owners armed them to hunt for slaves living in the Spanish mission communities. The French, the English, and Spanish often capitalized on the slave trade in other ways; for example, they garnered diplomatic favor when they negotiated the freedom of slaves in exchange for peace, friendship and military alliance. In another instance of Indian and colonial complicity in the slave trade, the British had established ties with the Chickasaw who were surrounded by enemies on all sides in Georgia. They conducted extensive slave raids in the lower Mississippi Valley where the French had a foothold, which they sold to the English as a way to reduce In dian populations and keep the French from arming them first. Ironically, the English also saw it as a more effective way to civilize them compared to the efforts of the French missionaries. Extent of the Trade The Indian slave trade covered an area from as far west and south as New Mexico (then Spanish territory) northward to the Great Lakes. Historians believe that all tribes in this vast swath of land were caught up in the slave trade in one way or another, either as captives or as traders. Slavery was part of the larger strategy to depopulate the land to make way for European settlers. As early as 1636 after the Pequot war in which 300 Pequots were massacred, those who remained were sold into slavery and sent to Bermuda. Major slaving ports included Boston, Salem, Mobile and New Orleans. From those ports Indians were shipped to Barbados by the English, Martinique and Guadalupe by the French and the Antilles by the Dutch. Indian slaves were also sent to the Bahamas as the breaking grounds where they mightve been transported back to New York or Antigua. The historical record indicates a perception that Indians did not make good slaves. When they werent shipped far from their home territories they too easily escaped and were given refuge by other Indians if not in their own communities. They died in high numbers on the transatlantic journeys and succumbed easily to European diseases. By 1676 Barbados had banned Indian slavery citing too bloody and dangerous an inclination to remain here. Slavery’s Legacy of Obscured Identities As the Indian slave trade gave way to the African slave trade by the late 1700’s (by then over 300 years old) Native American women began to intermarry with imported Africans, producing mixed-race offspring whose native identities became obscured through time. In the colonial project to eliminate the landscape of Indians, these mixed-race people simply became known as colored people through bureaucratic erasure in public records. In some cases such as in Virginia, even when people were designated as Indians on birth or death certificates or other public records, their records were changed to reflect â€Å"colored.† Census takers, determining a person’s race by their looks, often recorded mixed-race people as simply black, not Indian. The result is that today there is a population of people of Native American heritage and identity (particularly in the Northeast) who are not recognized by society at large, sharing similar circumstances with the Freedmen of the Cher okee and other Five Civilized Tribes.

Contemporary Issues In Marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Contemporary Issues In Marketing - Essay Example Industrial marketing is another contemporary marketing aspect. It entails changing the focus from the end products to capital goods. Industrial marketing utilizes advertising, promotion and communication to consumers in order to increase the sales. In the same way, companies are currently using social marketing as an avenue of generating benefits for members of the society. In order to reach customers regardless of their location, organizations adopt e-marketing that involve use of internet to market their products. This has been achieved through the advancement of technology in the contemporary world. Ethics in Coca-Cola Company Coca-Cola Company maintains corporate governance guidelines that depict the approaches adopted by the company in order to enhance corporate governance that is vital in meeting the needs of its consumers and employees. In order to ensure accountability and transparency in the company, Coca-Cola management team undertakes regular reviews of its system. The rev iew is also undertaken to achieve international ethical practises thus ensuring the company retains its leadership in the soft drink industry. Code of business conduct is one of the major aspects that are adopted by directors, employees and other associates in order to enhance integrity and honesty during the performance of their duties. Any time new directors or employees are hired by the company, they should study and understand the ethics concepts that are covered by the code. In this way, they effectively emulate the required ethical procedures during their duties. The company also has put in place Ethics & Compliance Committee whose responsibilities include administering the Code. Other duties of the... The paper work studies the aspects of social marketing as an avenue of generating benefits for members of the society. In the contemporary world, marketing has been influenced by various aspects that include technology development, customer relationship management, globalization and stiff competition. To ensure that companies remain competitive and the sales volume are increased, it is imperative to ensure that ethical issues are appropriately addressed during the operations of any company. Coca-Cola Company, the world market leader in the soft drink industry has portrayed effective ways of dealing with ethical issues. Despite the criticism that faced the company mostly from India, Coca-Cola has not been left behind as far as undertaking social responsibilities is concerned. This has resulted to creation of strong customer-company relationship which has seen the company sales increase over the years. Another essential marketing aspect that Coca-Cola has adopted is effective segmentat ion of its market. Meeting of its customer needs is an important aspect that Coca-Cola has initiated in its effort to win customer’s loyalty and trust. This has been achieved through segmentation of its market based on the location and behaviours of its customers among other aspects as depicted in the discussion above. Additionally, Coca-Cola has embarked on various strategies in order to improve its brand awareness. These include extensive advertisement of its brands especially via its website and other avenues.

Google in China Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Google in China - Article Example Just recently, the state has developed a firewall system that blocked numerous sites supported by Google. From the company, the problem is not an internal issue and they severs are fully functional. However, the Googlespokeswoman did not provide much information on the issue. On numerous occasions, Googlehas developed mechanisms that could enable users in china access their services but they have since been countered. The issue is important in the business sector since the internet is an important factor. For businesses they would be required to consider marketing alternatives. In addition, the businesses are required to monitor their information provided through their internet platforms. Auditors should ensure they monitor the content provided through online services to minimize sanctions risks. Accountants are affected since they should develop ways that they could market their services or communicate with clients. Regulators are also required to provide specifications to business on how well they could practice ethical and correct internet

The Theme of Justice in King Lear Essay examples -- King Lear essays

The Theme of Justice in King Lear      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Many themes are evident in King Lear, but perhaps one of the most prevalent relates to the theme of justice.   Shakespeare has developed a tragedy that allows us to see man's decent into chaos.   Although Lear is perceived as "a man more sinned against than sinning" (p.62), the treatment of the main characters encourages the reader to reflect on the presence or lack of justice in this world.   The characters also vary in their inclination to view the world from either a fatalistic or moralistic point of view, depending on their beliefs about the presence or absence of a higher power.   The theme of justice in relation to higher powers can be illustrated from the perspective of King Lear, Gloucester, and Edgar.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When reading King Lear, it is helpful to understand the Elizabethan "Chain of Being" in which nature is viewed as order. Rosenblatt (1984) states that there was a belief in   an established hierarchy within the universe.   Everything had its own relative position beginning with Heaven, the Divine Being, and the stars and planets which are all above. On earth the king is next, then the nobles, on down to the peasantry.   Holding the lowest position were the beggars and lunatics and finally, the animals.   Interrupting this order is unnatural.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   King Lear's sin was that he disrupted this chain of being by relinquishing his throne.   By allowing his daughters and their husbands to rule the kingdom, the natural order of things was disturbed.   His notion that he can still be in control after dividing the kingdom is a delusion.   According to Elizabethan philosophy, it wou... ...the universal conflict that members of society have always had in understanding their fate in this world.    Works Cited and Consulted Bradley, A.C. "King Lear." 20Lh Century Interpretations of King Lear. Ed. Jane Adelman. New Jersev; Prentice-Hall, 1978. Colie, Rosalie. Some Faces of King Lear. Ed. R. Colie & F.T. Flahiff. UniversitV of Toronto Press, 1994. Curry, Walter. Shakespeare s Philosophical Patterns. London: Mass Peter  Ã‚   Smith, 1968.  Ã‚   Hunter, Robert G. Criticism on Shakespeare s Tragedies.. University of Georgia Press, 1996. Matthews, Richard. "Edmund's Redemption in King Lear". Shakespeare Quarterly. Winter, 19q5. pps. 25-29. Shakespeare, William. King Lear. Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Canada Inc. Toronto. 1990. Snyder, Susan. "King Lear and the Prodigal Son." Shakespeare Quarterly. Autumn 1966. pps. 361-369.

Regulation of Political Speech

Can governments regulate political speech of corporations through restrictions on independent corporate expenditures? Over the course of the past twenty years, the U. S. Supreme Court constantly increased constitutional protection of corporate speech under the First Amendment and repeatedly struck down regulations on commercial speech as violating the First Amendment. Although the Supreme Court recently held statutory restrictions on corporate expenditures for electioneering communications to violate the right to free speech, it is still controversially discussed whether such restrictions can be upheld under the First Amendment. However, supporters of such restrictions ignore that the First Amendment is written in terms of speech and not of speakers and does not distinguish between different classes of speakers. Thus, restrictions on political speech cannot be justified solely based on the speaker’s corporate identity or its financial ability and inconsistent with the objective of preserving the integrity of the political process. Introduction TTThe freedom of speech is understood as an essential mechanism of democracy, for the free and public discussion of governmental affairs enables citizens to make informed choices among candidates for office. Owing to fundamental changes in society political views are increasingly expressed through organizations and corporations. In this respect, the protection of corporate speech under the First Amendment is widely recognized. Restrictions on corporate expenditures for political speech reduce the quantity of speech and thus restrict political speech itself. Along these lines, in Citizen United v. Federal Election Commission, the Supreme Court struck down statutory restrictions on corporate expenditures for electioneering communications as violating the First Amendment. However, this decision was widely criticized, in particular President Barak Obama blamed it as â€Å"open[ing of] the floodgates for special interests [†¦] to spend without limit in [United States] elections† and contended that American elections should not be â€Å"bankrolled by America's most powerful interests†. Notwithstanding the governmental interest in preventing corruption in the electoral process, the First Amendment does not distinguish between different classes of speakers and grants a corporation the same political speech rights as a natural person. To that effect, I intend to assess whether restrictions on corporate expenditures as imposed by the Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002 (BCRA) can be justified under the First Amendment. The paper has three main parts. To begin with, I quickly analyze in how far the provisions on corporate expenditures contained in the BCRA restrict the right of corporations to free speech under the first amendment. In part II, I examine the main arguments to justify such restrictions on corporate speech and raise some objections against them and finally, in the last part of the paper I examine to which extent the restrictions imposed by the BCRA are narrowly tailored to and consistent with the objectives they intend to achieve. I. Analysis of the Restraint The BCRA, prohibited the use of corporate general treasury funds for electioneering communications and only allows expenditures by segregated corporate funds through political action committees (PACs). As PACs are burdensome and expensive to administer they reduce the quantity of speech, for the quantity of speech is limited by financial resources available for the expression of political ideas. Consequently, expenditure restrictions function as a barrier to corporate speech and thereby prevent corporate voices from reaching the public and advising voters and deprive the public of its right to decide which speech and speakers are worthy of consideration. Therefore, restrictions on corporate expenditures also restrict political speech itself. Such restrictions can only be justified if they further a compelling interest and are narrowly tailored to achieve this interest. II. Compelling Governmental Interest In line with Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce, it is argued that restrictions on corporate expenditures serve a compelling interest in preserving the integrity of the electoral process. As corporations, unlike individuals, possess more power and financial resources than most individuals they can exercise a greater influence on public political debates. To that effect, restrictions on corporate expenditures are claimed to be necessary to avoid quid pro quo corruption, namely to prevent corporations from exercising undue influence on officeholders inducing them to â€Å"act contrary to their obligations of office by the prospect of financial gain† – or in other words to prevent corporations from â€Å"buying† favors from a candidate. Opponents of expenditure restrictions contend that independent expenditures are not as dangerous as contributions, for they are not prearranged with candidate and might even turn out to be to the detriment of the candidate for such lack of prearrangement. However, I am not prepared to agree with this contemplation. As corporations usually inform candidates about their conduct, independent expenditures can have the same effect as direct contributions. On that note the court emphasizes in McConnell v. Federal Election Com’n that independent expenditures can be even more effective to induce then-elected officials to exercise their duties in favor of their corporate care-givers, because candidates know very well who their friends are. Notwithstanding the desirability to prevent corruption, the First Amendment does not distinguish between powerful and less powerful speakers, but stands against attempts to disfavor certain subjects or viewpoints and protects an open marketplace of ideas where speakers can engage in ‘vigorous’ advocacy. Therefore, it is inconsistent with attempts to restrict the speech of some to enhance the speech of others and the right to free speech cannot be made dependent on a person’s financial ability to engage in public discussion. In line with this, the Supreme Court held in Buckley v. Valeo that individuals and unincorporated groups are free to spend unlimited amounts to promote a candidate or his views. In this light, the potential for corruption cannot be said to be higher than in case of expenditures by individuals and there is no reason why corporate expenditures should be limited while a billionaire can lawfully spend millions to promote a candidate and exercise the same potential influence on the public debate. In addition, expenditure restrictions are claimed to be justified by a compelling interest to protect shareholders from being compelled to fund corporate speech, although their investments in the corporation only reflect economic choices, but not necessarily support for the corporation’s political ideas. Unlike individual speakers, corporations only operate to make profits and their participation in elections is transactional rather than ideological as they usually give money to candidates from both sides. At that, the special advantages of the corporate form – like limited liability and favorable treatment of the accumulation and distribution of assets – improve a corporation’s abilities to attract capital. Therefore, it is argued that resources a corporation acquired in the economic marketplace provide an unfair advantage on the political marketplace, because State law only allows corporations to be dominant in the economy, but not in politics. Although shareholders are free to sell their shares and cease the support of a corporation, they might be reluctant to withdraw their investment as this might force them to sacrifice profits from the corporation’s nonpolitical operations. However, this approach ignores that all speakers, even individuals, use money amassed on the economic marketplace to fund their speech. For instance, political speech might be funded through speakers’ salaries although their employer does not necessarily support their views or might be financed by loans from creditors who do not necessarily support the speakers’ views. III. Are Expenditure Restrictions Narrowly Tailored? Even assuming that the aforementioned interests could be considered compelling, the provisions of the BCRA are not narrowly tailored to achieve those interests. They are overinclusive because they include small corporations that do not possess the financial ability to exercise a dominant influence on the political debate and non-profit organizations. On the other hand, they are underinclusive for they exclude media corporations, although in particular modern media empires amass immense wealth and unreviewable power and are equally if not better equipped to influence the public political debate than other corporations. Many media corporations are owned or controlled by corporations that have diverse and substantial investments and participate in endeavors other than news. As a result, a corporation owning a media business and a non-media business could exercise its control over the media to advance its overall business interests whereas other corporations would be prohibited from promoting the same issue. Lastly, political speech is so integrated in this country’s culture that speakers will always find a way to circumvent campaign finance laws. Conclusion Restrictions on corporate expenditures for electioneering communications can no longer be upheld under the First Amendment. Likewise, no other restrictions on free speech can be imposed solely based on the corporate identity of the speaker. Nevertheless, I do not believe that the special interests of powerful corporations are likely to take over control of the electoral process, since disclaimer, disclosure and reporting standards ensure the integrity of the political process and allow voters to make a sophisticated choice. However, if Congress considers corporate expenditures to pose a threat to the integrity of the electoral process it is free to limit expenditures of all speakers, including individuals, or to impose heightened disclosure or reporting standards, provided they can identify a compelling interest for such restrictions. ——————————————- [ 1 ]. Darrell A. H. Miller, Guns, Inc. : Citizens United, Mcdonald, and the Future of Corporate Constitutional Rights, 86 NYUL. Rev. 887, 899 [2011]; First Nat. Bank of Boston v. Bellotti, 435 US 765, 98 S Ct 1407, 55 L. Ed. 2d 707 [1978]; Citizens United v. Fed. Election Com' n, 130 S Ct 876, 900, 175 L Ed 2d 753 [2010]; Id. 130 S Ct at 925-926; United States v. Playboy 529 U. S. 803, 813, 120 S. Ct. 1978, 146 L. Ed. 2d 865 [2000]. [ 2 ]. Kusper v. Pontikes 414 US 51, 56, 57, 94 S Ct 303, 307, 38 L Ed 2d 260 [1973]; Citizens United 130 S Ct 876, 885; Id. t , 899, 905, 913; Bellotti, 435 U. S. , at 783-784; Alex Osterlind, Giving A Voice to the Inanimate, at 275; Breanne Gilpatrick, Removing Corporate Campaign Finance Restrictions in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission, 130 S. Ct. 876 (2010), 34 Harv. JL & Pub Pol'y 405, 416 [2011]. [ 3 ]. Mills v. Alabama 384 US 214, 218, 86 S Ct 1434, 1437, 16 L Ed 2d 484; Bellotti at 777; Citizens United at 898-899; Buckley v. Valeo, 424 US 1, 14-15, 96 S Ct 612, 46 L Ed 2d 659 [1976]. [ 4 ]. Bellotti, at 777-778; Time, Inc. v. Firestone, 424 U. S. 448, 96 S. Ct. 958, 47 L. Ed. 2d 154 [1976]; Doran v. Salem Inn, Inc. , 422 U. S. 922, 95 S. Ct. 2561, 45 L. Ed. 2d 648 [1975]; Southeastern Promotions, Ltd. v. Conrad, 420 U. S. 546, 95 S. Ct. 1239, 43 L. Ed. 2d 448 [1975]; Cox Broadcasting Corp. v. Cohn, 420 U. S. 469, 95 S. Ct. 1029, 43 L. Ed. 2d 328 [1975]; Miami Herald Publishing Co. v. Tornillo, 418 U. S. 241, 94 S. Ct. 2831, 41 L. Ed. 2d 730 [1974]; New York Times Co. v. United States, 403 U. S. 713, 91 S. Ct. 2140, 29 L. Ed. 2d 822 [1971] (per curiam); Time, Inc. v. Hill, 385 U. S. 374, 87 S. Ct. 534, 17 L. Ed. 2d 456 [1967]; NAACP v. Button, 371 U. S. 415, 428-429, 83 S. Ct 328 9 L. Ed. 2d 405; Grosjean v. American Press Co. , 297 U. S. 233, 244, 56 S. Ct. 444, 80 L. Ed. 660 [1936] [ 5 ]. Buckley, 424 U. S. 1, 19; Citizens United at 898. [ 6 ]. Citizens United v Fed. Election Com'n, 130 S Ct 876, 175 L Ed 2d 753 [2010]. [ 7 ]. Alex Osterlind, Giving A Voice to the Inanimate, 76 Mo L Rev 259 [2011]; Bradley A. Smith, President Wrong on Citizens United Case, NAT'L REV. ONLINE, Jan. 27, 2010, http://corner. nationalreview. com/post/? q=ZTVkODZiM2M0ODEzOGQ3MTMwYzgzYjNmODBiMzQz=. [ 8 ]. Bellotti, 435 US 765; Citizens United at 900, 925-926; Playboy 529 U. S. 803, 813; Kusper v. Pontikes 414 US 51, 56, 57, 94 S Ct 303, 307, 38 L Ed 2d 260 [1973]; Citizens United 130 S Ct 876, 885; Id. at , 899, 905, 913; Bellotti, 435 U. S. , at 783-784; Alex Osterlind, Giving A Voice to the Inanimate, at 275; Breanne Gilpatrick, Removing Corporate Campaign Finance Restrictions, at 416. [ 9 ]. Pub. L. No. 107-155, 116 Stat. 81 (codified in scattered sections of 2, 8, 18, 28, 36, 47 U. S. C. ). [ 10 ]. Pub. L. No. 107-155, 116 Stat. 81; Citizens United, at 887 (citing 2 U. S. C.  § 441b(B)(2) (2006)). [ 11 ]. Citizens United at, 897; McConnell v Fed. Election Com'n, 540 US 93, 330-333, 124 S Ct 619, 630, 157 L Ed 2d 491 [2003] overruled by Citizens United; Fed. Election Com'n v Massachusetts Citizens for Life, Inc. , 479 US 238, 253-254, 107 S Ct 616, 619, 93 L Ed 2d 539 [1986]; Buckley, 424 U. S. 1, 19. [ 12 ]. Citizens United at 899; Bellotti, at 791-92; Kingsley Intern. Pictures Corp. v Regents of Univ. of State of N. Y. , 360 US 684, 689 [1959]. [ 13 ]. Citizens United, at 898; Fed. Election Com'n v Wisconsin Right To Life, Inc. 551 US 449, 464, 127 S Ct 2652, 2657, 168 L Ed 2d 329 [2007]. [ 14 ]. Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce, 494 US 652,659- 660, 110 S Ct 1391, 1395, 108 L Ed 2d 652 [1990] overruled by Citizens United; Fed. Election Com'n v Natl. Conservative Political Action Comm. , 470 US 480, 500-501 105 S Ct 1459, 84 L Ed 2d 455 [1985]. [ 15 ]. NCPAC, 470 US 480, 496-497. [ 16 ]. McConnell, 540 US 93, at 143-144; Id. at 150, 152-15 4, 297; Fed. Election Com'n v Colorado Republican Fed. Campaign Comm. , 533 US 431, 441, 121 S Ct 2351, 150 L Ed 2d 461 [2001]; Nixon v Shrink Missouri Govt. PAC, 528 US 377, 389, 120 S Ct 897, 145 L Ed 2d 886 [2000]. [ 17 ]. Buckley, 424 US 1, 45-46. [ 18 ]. Citizens United at 926; McConnell, 251 F supp. 2d at 555-560, 622-625; Playboy at 804-805, 813; WRTL at 478; Buckley at 45. [ 19 ]. Mcconnell, 540 US at 129. [ 20 ]. United States v Intl. Union United Auto. , Aircraft and Agr. Implement Workers of Am. (UAW-CIO), 352 US 567, 597, 77 S Ct 529, 1 L Ed 2d 563 [1957]; Citizens United at 883; Playboy at 803, 813; Bellotti at 784. [ 21 ]. Citizens United at 907. [ 22 ]. Buckley at 47-48 CU; New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 US at 269, 84 S. Ct at 721 (quoting Bridges v. California 314 US 252, 270, 62 S. Ct. 190, 197, 86 L. Ed. 192 (1941); NACAP at 419. [ 23 ]. Kusper v. Pontikes 424 us at 48-49, Buckley, 96 S. Ct at 648-649. [ 24 ]. Buckley, 424 US 1, 48; New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 US at 269; NACAP, 371 us at 419. [ 25 ]. Buckley at 45. [ 26 ]. Austin at 497-498; 500-501; 105 S. Ct at 1468-1469; NCPAC, supra at 500-501. [ 27 ]. Austin, 494 US 652, 685. [ 28 ]. Id. at 659; MCFL 479 US at 257,258, 263; FEC v. National Right to Work Committee 459 US 197, 208, 103 S. Ct. 52, 559, 74 L. Ed. 2d 364 (1982); Pipefitter v. United States 407 US 385, 414-415, 92 S. Ct. 2247, 2264, 33 L. Ed. 2d 11 (1972); Bellotti 98 S Ct 1407, 1431 [ 29 ]. McConnell 540 US at 148. [ 30 ]. Austin 494 US at 658-659. [ 31 ]. Austin 494 US at 658-659. [ 32 ]. Id. at 710. [ 33 ]. MCFL, 479 US 238, 260, 264, 107 S Ct 616, 629, 631. [ 34 ]. Citizen United, at 904; Austin at 660. [ 35 ]. Citizens United, at 905. [ 3 6 ]. Citizens United, at 905. [ 37 ]. Citizens United at 906. [ 38 ]. Citizens United at 906. [ 39 ]. Citizen United at 911-13; McConnell 540 US at 176-177.

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