The Traditionalist Political Subculture And The Moralistic...

The traditionalist political subculture is the luke-warm fine line between the individualistic and moralistic political subcultures. In the same way as the moralistic subculture, the common good of the citizens is aimed, but like in the individualistic subculture, the market place is emphasized as well. In the traditionalist subculture, it is known that power comes from the societies elite. Citizens are not influenced and encouraged to vote, but instead step back and remain stagnant. In the beginning of the up rise of Texas, the traditionalist political subculture focused on plantation owners and agriculture in general. Present-day, rural areas are having a drastic shift and becoming urbanized. The grand majority of Texas is now urban,†¦show more content†¦Voter participation is solely depended on interest groups that obtain the resources to become dominant. Till this day, Texas is known to look out for its benefits. If a person wants to get rich, they invest or move into Te xas. Self-interest and money are major keys in Texas politics, making it a continuous traditionalist state. Texas is for the most part hostile towards taxes and refuses to meet the concurrent standard. Texas is known to uplift personal growth to those who step out of their comfort zone and take action into what they want to do. Drastic changes in population growth, lack of education, aging population, regressive taxes and public service demand sometimes make it hard for individuals to look out for their self-interest and rise above the predicted standard. Usually those who do look out for their benefit are those that are not even Texas made. Texas takes its luke warm advantage and inclines towards its individualistic side for this aspect of its political culture. Self-interest mainly and ultimately revolves around its business aspect towards society. In a sense, this can be looked upon as survival of the fittest. Those who â€Å"pull themselves by the boot straps† are the one s that will succeed in a state where everything is known to be bigger and better. Since the early ages of the first Texas constitution being writtenShow MoreRelatedPolitical Continuities Of The State Of Texas1040 Words   |  5 PagesPSCI 2306-212 23 April 2017 Political Subcultures Residing in Texas In the United States, there are 3 different political subcultures. These three different political subcultures that make the United States what it is are the individualistic, moralistic and the traditionalistic subcultures. In the great state of Texas, the most common political subculture would have to be a mix between the traditionalistic and the individualistic subculture. In the individualistic subculture, there are many ways thatRead MoreEverythingis Bigger In Texas. This Phrase Has Been Said1161 Words   |  5 Pageshistory before it joined the US. Texas is also a state with many political differences, but it is based around one particular political culture. Political culture is like a culture itself; many beliefs and habits blended into one single community, but involving politics. Texas especially, has a variety of international beliefs, but its politics mainly revolves around one subculture.   Texas is dominated by the individualistic subculture   because it prefers limited government intervention, and supports

The Road Not Taken By Robert Frost - 1023 Words

Many people are faced with different decisions in life, but finding the right one can be difficult. Some individuals make the right and beneficial choices. Other individuals are â€Å"followers† who listen to their surroundings and are easily influenced. Different judgements and decisions may lead to a life full of happiness, but can also lead to a life full of sadness. However, an individual who has made one decision over another cannot go back to change it. In his poem â€Å"The Road Not Taken,† Robert Frost uses form, metaphor, and theme to express distinctive paths that can be chosen in life without regret. In â€Å"The Road Not Taken,† Frost uses form to construct his poem. When first read, readers may view it as a very unique and perplexing type of form. The poem is written in an iambic arrangement, which follows the rhyme scheme of ABAAB. For example, â€Å"Two roads diverged in a yellow wood† (1) rhymes with the third and fourth line â€Å"And be one traveler, long I stood/And looked down one as far as I could† (3-4). The next stanza follows a CDCCD and so forth. Most common poems follow an iambic pentameter, which has one short unstressed syllable followed by a long stressed syllable in a line of a poem. â€Å"The Road Not Taken† follows an iambic tetrameter which has four iambs with different variations of two unstressed syllables and followed by a stressed syllable. Some readers may find it unusual that the first line rhymes with the third and the fourth, but doesn’t form any rhythm withinShow MoreRelatedThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost983 Words   |  4 PagesThe poem â€Å"The Road Not Taken was written by Robert Frost, a four-time Pulitzer Prize winner in poetry, and also a special guest at President John F. Kennedy’s inauguration (Robert Frost Biography). Frost was born on March 26, 1874 in San Francisco, California and he died of complications from prostate surgery on January 29, 1963. Much of Robert’s popularity was gained throughout Europe (An Analysis of Robert Frost’s Poem: The Road Not Taken). Frost became a poetic force, and the unofficial poetRead MoreThe Road Not Taken by Robert Frost764 Words   |  3 PagesWritten by Robert Frost, â€Å"The Road Not Taken† deals with about making choices in life and how those choices affect your whole life. The meter of this poem is iambic tetrameter, for the most part. In most lines, the meter follows the rule with four iambs, which means that there is one unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. But the meter is not normal since, in some lines, an anapest, which means there are two unstressed syllables followed by one stressed syllable, is substituted forRead MoreThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost1173 Words   |  5 PagesRobert Frost, one of America’s well-known poets is highly regarded for his realistic illustrations of rural life and poetry which is still relevant in todayà ¢â‚¬â„¢s society. After being honoured on numerous occasions, he became one of America’s most popular public figures. Frosts’ poems reflect his greatness and his life in a variety of ways after he was confronted with such despair and grief after the passing of his father due to tuberculosis at just eleven years of age and his mother who passed awayRead MoreThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost995 Words   |  4 Pagesthey can only move forward hoping for the best. â€Å"The Road Not Taken†, Robert Frost, 1916. In â€Å"The Road Not Taken† a traveler is strolling through the woods and comes across two different roads he could take, and unable to travel both the poet eventually chooses which path to take. The theme conveyed is about making choices. Frost does this through the use of diction, the use of figure of speech, and the use of imagery. To start with, Frost displays the main idea of decision making by the wordsRead MoreThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost1055 Words   |  5 Pagesago. Either way, if you admit it now or in the wee hours of the night, like most people, you will come across this question at least once in your life. Robert Frost was able to grasp this raw, vulnerable life changing moment in the palm of his hand. Then he beautifully laid it out in the form of words in the narrative poem â€Å"The Road Not Taken†. Frost is able to take you back to a time when you have been faced with a life-changing decision. Then, causing you to ask yourself â€Å"Did I make the right choiceRead MoreThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost940 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Road Not Taken† was written by Robert Frost in 1916, and it was the first poem in the collection Mountain Interval (Shmoop). Even though it was written many years ago, people of all ages still study this enticing poem. Frost wrote about coming to a fork in the woods and examining which path he should take and whether he might ever come back; the speaker believes each path is fine to take, but he takes the less used path (line 6). He wrote about this decision in clear, standard English. â€Å"TheRead MoreThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost863 Words   |  4 PagesThe Poem, â€Å"The Road Not Taken†, by Robert Frost is a detailed poem about a conflict in a person’s life, dealing with having to take the right path throughout life. The Narrator of this poem is faced with a predicament when he comes across two paths. The choices that he makes in his life, can alter the future for better or worse. This poem describes his attitude and emotion towards his choices as well as, shows examples of themes, mood, and different literary devices. The title of this poem canRead MoreThe Road Not Taken, By Robert Frost968 Words   |  4 PagesPersonal Response 3 Title: The Road Not Taken Text Type: Poem Author: Robert Frost The poem, ‘The Road Not Taken’ by Robert Frost is about the â€Å"roads† and different paths we take in our lives. Frost wrote about a traveler who had to chose between two roads. He had to decide if he wanted to go down the well used or less used path. In the end, he went down the less used path. The theme of decision making and choices is shown in this poem. I think that this is a way of describing the choices we makeRead MoreRoad Not Taken, Robert Frost942 Words   |  4 PagesEnglish 101 Burstrem October 7, 2009 The Road Not Taken Life is full of choices and decisions that could ultimately change the outcome of our lives. In the poem, â€Å"The Road Not Taken† by Robert Frost, a traveler is destined to make that decision. This traveler man has to decide which road to take, one that is frequently traveled, and the one that is not. After contemplating which road to follow, he comes to the decision to take the road less traveled because he doesn’t want to follow inRead MoreThe Road Not Taken By Robert Frost1100 Words   |  5 PagesRobert Frost reflects that poetry â€Å"begins in delight and ends in wisdom†¦.It runs a course of lucky events , and ends in a clarification of life—not necessarily a great clarification, such as sects and cults are found on, but in a momentary stay against confusion† (931). His poem â€Å"The Road Not Taken† is a clarification of life. This paper will analyze and evaluate the formal elements of â€Å"The Road Not Taken† and consid er how these elements work together to fit the author’s purpose and clarification

China and Usa a Comparison of Their Monetary Policies Free Essays

string(27) " many other central banks\." University of International Business and Economics China and USA: A comparison of their Monetary Policies. Mid-term Project School of International Trade and Economics BY Rebecca Bogiri Professor: LIN GUIJIN Beijing, China 2 December 2009 China and USA: A comparison of their Monetary Policies. By: Rebecca Bogiri December 2009 Abstract The monetary policies of USA and China is analyzed here from the perspective of their implementing bodies, their choice of instruments, and their means of setting their interest rates. We will write a custom essay sample on China and Usa: a Comparison of Their Monetary Policies or any similar topic only for you Order Now The analysis reveals that there are immense differences between the two countries resulting from the nature and degree of influence from their respective domestic political systems. The paper concludes that China has a complex political economy that represents a hybrid of private ownership and state control. Therefore unlike the USA, its monetary policies are subject to political influence. Keywords: Monetary policy; Monetary policy instruments; Balance Sheet; China; USA Author’s email: becky. bogiri@gmail. com ContentsPage Abstract †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 1 Introduction †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 3 USA Monetary Policy †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 3 China Monetary Policy †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 7 Comparison of China and USA’s monetary policies †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ 9 Conclusion †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 10 References †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. 11 1. Introduction Monetary Policy is the process by which the government, central bank, or monetary authority of a country controls (1) the supply of money, (2) the availability of money, and (3) the interest rate, in order to attain a set of objectives oriented towards the growth and stability of the economy. This paper refers the above theme to two countries: China and USA. As such, there are three broad objectives. The first is to discuss monetary policy generally as carried out in the USA. The second is to discuss monetary policy generally as it is carried out in China. The third is to compare and analyze the way monetary policy is implemented in the two countries. 2. USA Monetary Policy How is the Federal Reserve structured? The Federal Reserve System (called the Fed, for short) is the nation’s central bank. It was established by the Federal Reserve Act[1] and consists of the Board of Governors in Washington, D. C. , and twelve Federal Reserve District Banks. The Congress structured the Fed to be independent within the government. Therefore although the Fed is accountable to the Congress and its goals are set by law, its conduct of monetary policy is insulated from day-to-day political pressures. This reflects the conviction that the people who control the country’s money supply should be independent of the people who frame the government’s spending decisions. What makes the Fed independent? Three structural features give the Fed independence in its conduct of monetary policy: the appointment procedure for Governors, the appointment procedure for Reserve Bank Presidents, and funding. Appointment procedure for Governors:  The seven Governors on the Federal Reserve Board are appointed by the President of the United States and confirmed by the Senate. Independence derives from a couple of factors: first, the appointments are staggered to reduce the chance that a single U. S. President could â€Å"load† the Board with appointees; second, their terms of office are 14 years–much longer than elected officials’ terms. Appointment procedure for Reserve Bank Presidents: Each Reserve Bank President is appointed to a five-year term by that Bank’s Board of Directors, subject to final approval by the Board of Governors. This procedure adds to independence because the Directors of each Reserve Bank are not chosen by politicians but are selected to provide a cross-section of interests within the region, including those of depository institutions, nonfinancial businesses, labor, and the public. Funding:  The Fed is structured to be self-sufficient in the sense that it meets its operating expenses primarily from the interest earnings on its portfolio of securities. Therefore, it is independent of Congressional decisions about appropriations. How is the Fed â€Å"independent within the government†? Even though the Fed is independent of Congressional appropriations and administrative control, it is ultimately accountable to Congress and comes under government audit and review. Fed officials report regularly to the Congress on monetary policy, regulatory policy, and a variety of other issues, and they meet with senior Administration officials to discuss the Federal Reserve’s and the federal government’s economic programs. The Fed also reports to Congress on its finances. Who makes monetary policy? The Fed’s FOMC (Federal Open Market Committee) has primary responsibility for conducting monetary policy. The FOMC meets in Washington eight times a year and has twelve members: the seven members of the Board of Governors, the President of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, and four of the other Reserve Bank Presidents, who serve in rotation. The remaining Reserve Bank Presidents contribute to the Committee’s discussions and deliberations. In addition, the Directors of each Reserve Bank contribute to monetary policy by making recommendations about the appropriate discount rate, which are subject to final approval by the Governors. Objective of Monetary policy Monetary policy has two basic goals: to promote â€Å"maximum† sustainable output and employment and to promote â€Å"stable† prices. These goals are prescribed in a 1977 amendment to the Federal Reserve Act. In the long run, the amount of goods and services the economy produces (output) and the number of jobs it generates (employment) both depend on factors other than monetary policy. These factors include technology and people’s preferences for saving, risk, and work effort. So, maximum sustainable output and employment mean the levels consistent with these factors in the long run. But the economy goes through business cycles in which output and employment are above or below their long-run levels. Even though monetary policy can’t affect either output or employment in the long run, it can affect them in the short run. For example, when demand weakens and there’s a recession, the Fed can stimulate the economy temporarily and help push it back toward its long-run level of output by lowering interest rates. That’s why stabilizing the economy, or smoothing out the peaks and valleys in output and employment around their long-run growth paths—is a key short-run objective for the Fed and many other central banks. You read "China and Usa: a Comparison of Their Monetary Policies" in category "Papers" USA Federal Reserve – Balance Sheet |ASSETS |LIABILITIES |Gold and Foreign Exchange |Currency | | |Held by public | | |Vault cash | |Federal Reserve Credit |Bank Deposits | |Loans Discounts | | |Government Securities | | |Other credits | | Source: Federal Reserve Bulletin, May 1996. Monetary policy instruments The Federal Reserve has three instruments for controlling the money supply. They are: 1. Open Market Operations 2. The discount rate; and 3. The required reserve rati o. When using Open market operations, the Fed buys or sells government securities to affect the level of the money supply. For example, if the Fed wishes to increase the money supply by $2 million, it will purchase government securities worth $ 2 million. The Fed’s assets increase by $ 2 million under the securities heading. In order to pay for the government security, the Fed writes a check on itself. In return for the bond, the seller receives a check instructing the Fed to pay the seller $ 2 million. The seller then takes the check to his bank, which credits the depositor with $ 2 million, and then deposits the check at the Fed. The bank has an account with the Fed, which is now credited with $ 2 million. Thus the Fed’s liabilities increase by $ 2 million under the heading of bank deposits, as the commercial bank has just increased its reserves by $ 2 million which are held by the first instance as a deposit at the Fed. Another monetary policy instrument used to affect the level of the money supply is the Discount rate, which is the interest rate charged by the Fed to banks that borrow from it to temporary needs for reserves. Increasing the discount rate discourages banks from borrowing from the Fed, while lowering the rate encourages banks to borrow from the Fed and thus increase the money supply. The required reserve ratio refers to the percentage of total deposits that the Fed requires individual financial intermediaries to keep at the Fed as reserves. The significance of the required reserve ratio is that it affects the money multiplier, and thus the level of the money supply. For example, if the Fed wants to increase the money supply, it can do so by reducing the required reserve ratio. Because there are now less reserves and more money is available for the banks to be able to meet their customer’s demand for cash. This increases the money multiplier, which also has a positive effect on the level of the money supply. Required reserves do not pay any interest, so increases in the required reserve ration has undesirable side effects on bank profits. Open market operations are nearly always the favored tool of choice by the Fed. The Fed Open Market Operations in 2008 summarizes all monetary policies and tools used by the Fed for that year. The two tables below shows the changes in the federal funds target rate, and the primary credit rate, and the interest paid on the required reserves and excess reserve balance.. These were operational measures taken by the Fed to influence the Federal funds rate. It is evident that the Fed rapidly and continually decreased the federal funds rate and the primary credit rate throughout 2008. Furthermore, on October 8th 2008 the Fed started to pay interest on despository institutions’ required and excess reserves balances as authorized to under the Financial Services Regulatory Relief Act[2]. [pic] [pic] 3. China Monetary Policy Body in charge of Monetary Policy: Monetary policy in China is conducted by the People’s Bank of China. Article 12 of the Law of the People? s Republic of  China  on the People? s Bank of China provides † the People? s Bank of China is to establish a monetary policy committee, whose responsibilities, composition and working procedures shall be prescribed by the State Council and shall be filed to the Standing Committee of the National People? s Congress. The Monetary Policy Committee shall play an important role in macroeconomic management and in the making and adjustment of monetary policy. â€Å" Rules on Monetary Policy Committee of the People? s Bank of China stipulates that the Monetary Policy Committee is a consultative body for the making of monetary policy by the PBC, whose responsibility is to advise on the formulation and adjustment of monetary policy and policy targets for a certain period, application of monetary policy instrument, major monetary policy measures and the coordination between monetary policy and other macroeconomic policies. The Committee plays its advisory role on the basis of comprehensive research on macroeconomic situations and the macro targets set by the government. The Monetary Policy Committee is composed of the PBC? Governor and two Deputy Governors, a Deputy Secretary-General of the State Council, a Vice Minister of the State Development and Reform Commission, a Vice Finance Minister, the Administrator of the State Administration of Foreign Exchange, the Chairman of China Banking Regulatory Commission, the Chairman of China Securities Regula tory Commission, the Chairman of China Insurance Regulatory Commission, the Commissioner of National Bureau of Statistics, the President of the China Association of Banks and an expert from the academia. The Monetary Policy Committee performs its functions through its regular quarterly meeting. An ad hoc meeting may be held if it is proposed by the Chairman or endorsed by more than one-third of the members of the Monetary Policy Committee. Objective of Monetary policy: The main objective of the Chinese monetary policy is to maintain the stability of the value of the currency (the Renminbi), and thereby to promote economic growth. People’s Bank of China – Balance Sheet ASSETS |LIABILITIES | |Credits to FI |Deposits of FI | | |Central Bank Reserves | | |Excess Reserves | |Foreign Exchange Reserves |Central Bank Bills | |Securities |Deposits of Treasury | | |Currency in Circulation | Source: AE502 Macroeconomic Analysis Monetary Policy Instruments The People’s Bank of China in conducting Monetary policy has several instruments at its disposal which include: 1. The reserve requirement ratio 2. The Central Bank base interest rate 3. Rediscounting 4. Central Bank Lending 5. Open Market Operations 6. Other policy instruments as specified by the State Council In essence, the monetary instruments listed above correspond to the descriptions given under the Fed’s monetary policy heading. However, the main tool of choice for the PBC is the reserve requirement ratio. For example, in the PBC 2008 Annual Report on Monetary Policy it was reported that in order to sterilize excess liquidity in the first half of 2008, the reserve requirement ratio was decreased cumulatively by 3 percentage points on 5 occasions. Furthermore, a lower required reserve ratio was applied to rural credit cooperatives (RCCs) and financial institutions in the quake-hit areas. Furthermore, in the second half of 2008 with the heightened international turmoil and in order to ensure ample liquidity in the banking system, the PBC further reduced the required reserve ration of financial institutions on another four occasions resulting in a cumulative decrease of 2 percentage points for large financial institutions, and a cumulative decrease of 4 percentage points for smaller financial institutions. According to PBC calculations, by the end of 2008 a total of 800 billion yuan of liquidity was released into the economy. The choice of the reserve requirement ratio as the mail policy instrument is not coincidental to China which runs a high current account surplus. There is a large and growing demand for the RMB, and to maintain the RMB at the desired level the PBC issues RMB to meet this demand thereby increasing the money circulating in China. To keep inflation and economic growth under control, the PBC sterilizes its foreign exchange market interventions by buying back some of the RMB it issued to buy US dollar. In particular, it does so by selling low yield government securities to state-owned banks. So far, the banks have been able to absorb those low yield bonds in part because the interest rates paid on them bank deposits are also maintained at artificially low rates. Nonetheless, the increases in foreign reserves are not fully neutralized. Over the last five years broad money supply in China has been growing at above 15% per annum while real economic growth has averaged about 10. 5%. [3] Furthermore unlike more developed market economies, China is reluctant to raise domestic interest rates to slow its domestic growth. Doing so might mean attracting more capital inflows, which would in turn, require further money issuance to stabilize the exchange rate. That is precisely why the PBC instead changes the reserve requirement ratio on an ongoing basis to control the expansion of money and credit. 4. Comparison of China and USA’s monetary policies There are three main differences between China and the United States where monetary policy is concerned: independence of the monetary policy implementing body, choice of instruments to use in implementing monetary policy, and direct or indirect means of setting interest rates to effect monetary policy. Furthermore, these three differences are inter-related and country specific. The first major difference between the Federal Reserve System (the Fed) and the People’s Bank of China (PBC) concerns their independence from national politics. The intention of Congress when designing the Federal Reserve Act was to keep politics out of monetary politics. The Fed is totally independent of other branches and agencies of the government. Furthermore, it is self financed and therefore is not subject to the congressional budgetary process. On the other hand, the PBC is not independent from national politics in China. The PBC reports directly to the State Council which serves as China’s cabinet as well as its highest executive body. Moreover, monetary policy in China is aimed at limiting the appreciation of the renminbi (RMB), while eeping economic growth at a sustainable pace and inflation under control plus preserving a fragile banking system. The Fed in contrast implements a monetary policy that has a dual objective of maximum employment and price stabilit y. The second difference regards the choice of the monetary policy instruments used by the Fed as opposed to the PBC. The choice of instruments used in implementing monetary is essentially the same, except that the PBC has the an additional instrument; namely â€Å"additional instruments as specified by the State Council. † It is therefore no surprise that this ‘extra instrument’ arises from the lack of independence on the part of the PBC. The third difference between the Fed and the PBC lies in the way they set the interest rates. The Fed sets its federal funds rate indirectly by setting a specified target rate and then using the the tools of monetary policy (open market operations, discount window lending, and reserve requirements) to achieve that target rate. As a result, the changes in the federal fund rates trigger a chain of events that affect other short term interest rates, long term interest rates, the amount of money and credit in the economy, plus other macro-economic variables such as employment, growth and the prices of goods and services. In contrast, the PBC has a direct influence on its interest rate because of the extra instrument described above. Because there is provision for other policy instruments as specified by State Council, this allows the PBC to set interest rates directly, and thus have a direct impact on the its balance sheet. 5. Conclusion There are major differences in monetary policy and central banking in China and the USA. China has a complex political economy that represents a hybrid of private ownership and state control. Therefore, the PBC’s monetary policies, choice of instruments and methods of implementation are quite different from that of the Fed. Monetary policy in China aims at curbing the appreciation of the RMB while keeping economic growth at a sustainable pace, inflation under control, and preserving a fragile banking system. This is contrasted with the Fed’s monetary policy with the dual objective of maximum employment and price stability. Different monetary policy objectives, coupled with the degree of political independence on the part of the Fed and the PBC greatly influence the choice of instruments used and the method of implementing monetary policy in the two respective countries. 6. References Federal Reserve Bank of New York Domestic Open Market Operations During 2008 Federal Reserve Bank of New York: â€Å"Annual Report Domestic Open Market Operations during 2008† Federal Reserve Statistical Release 19 November 2009 Ian Sheldon, â€Å"US-China Trade Policy: Who gains from a rise in the Yuan? † at http://aede. osu. edu/programs/Anderson/trade Luc de Wulf and David Goldsbrough, â€Å"The Evolving Role of Monetary Policy in China†, IMF Staff Papers WP/04/125 Michael Moskow and Cathy Lemieux â€Å"China up close: Understanding the Chinese economy and financial system†, at www. chigacofed. org People’s Bank of China Monetary Policy Annual Report 2008 Peter Stella, â€Å"The Federal Reserve System Balance Sheet: What Happened and Why it matters† IMF Staff Papers WP/09/120 Financial Services Regulatory Relief Act 2006 (USA) Federal Reserve Act 1913 (USA) Law of the People’s Republic of China on the People’s Bank of China 1995 (China) http://www. frbsf. org/publications/federalreserve/monetary/structure. html http://www. pbc. gov. cn/english/huobizhengce/MPC. asp http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Monetary_policy ———————– [1] 1913 [2] 2006 [3] China close up (2008) How to cite China and Usa: a Comparison of Their Monetary Policies, Papers

Air Quality in Tung Chung free essay sample

In summer, wind blow from south to east, there is low pressure on land and high pressure on sea, onshore wind from Central China and in winter, wind blow from north to west, serious air pollution in Tung Chung due to monsoon wind. As there is high pressure on land and low pressure on sea, offshore wind from Central China to Pacific Ocean blows air pollutants emitted by industries, power stations and vehicles from South China to Tung Chung. Secondly, another cause is human factors. The major developments on Lantau Island at present are the Hong Disneyland and Hong Kong International Airport at Chek Lap Kok, AsiaWorld-Expo and power station in Penny’s Bay. First, combustion of fossil fuels from the airplanes at the Airport worsens the air quality in Tung Chung. Second, busy vehicular flow to the airport, AsiaWorld-Expo and Hong Kong Disneyland and emits air pollutants. Third, fireworks at Hong Kong Disneyland produce air pollutants which are blown to Tung Chung by wind. We will write a custom essay sample on Air Quality in Tung Chung or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Last, air pollutants also emitted from the Penny’s Bay Power Station. The major development project on Lantau Island in the future includes the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge. The commercial work and the busy vehicular flow after their completion will further produce more air pollution. The air quality in Tung Chung is likely to be worsened in future. Rapid economic development in South China results in serious air pollution in Tung Chung. As more industries are relocated from Hong Kong to South China due to lower production cost, there is a rapid cross-border flow of goods and people between Hong Kong and South China. There are some type of air pollutants: Carbon oxides, Carbon monoxide, Carbon dioxide and Sulfur dioxide. In conclusion, the air quality of Tung Chung is poor. Physical and human factors are the causes of air pollution in Tung Chung.

Barclays Bank CSR

Introduction Barclay’s Corporate Social Report centres on community support, growth contribution and carrying out business using sound principles. The company focuses on improving its customer’s lives as well as the well being of its communities.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Barclays Bank CSR specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More CSR Summary Growth contribution is one of the key areas that Barclays addresses in its corporate social report. The need to establish a strong and viable business, which creates job opportunities and participates in corporate citizenship, perpetuates this aspect. One way of achieving these gaols is through direct economic contribution (Idowu Filho, 2008). The company employs approximately one hundred and forty seven thousand, five hundred employees; these individuals come from over fifty countries. Additionally, in 2010, the company paid approximately 6.1 billion pounds in taxes. The company also supports growth through individual and business support. It recognises that individuals need help to acquire loans, so the company responds by giving families mortgages. Besides this, Barclays also partners with businesses in order to facilitate job creation and boost economic growth. In this area of the CSR, the Bank also invests in the future through education, healthcare and social housing. It accomplishes this through partnerships with the social housing sector in the United Kingdom. The organisation also contributes to growth through clean technologies and carbon solutions. One of the ways, that the corporation achieves this is through clean technology initiatives. It also engages in emissions trading. Climate change is another key area in the Barclays corporate social report. The organisation first deals with its own environmental impact before tackling others’ impacts. Barclays has launched a Climate Action Program that focuses on three key goal s. The first one is the management of the company’s carbon footprint and the reduction of its absolute carbon emissions. The second goal is the development of services and products to facilitate a low carbon economy. The third one is the management of risks linked to its clients; operations and its own activities. In addition to the Climate Action Program, Barclays also has a carbon offsetting initiative. In this area, the company buys carbon credits to neutralise its carbon emissions. It has also implemented environmental management systems in all its respective branches. Lastly, Barclays works hand in hand with different kinds of partners.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Some of them include Solar Aid, WWF as well as Barclays International Challenge. The organisation believes that certain daily operations can alter its carbon footprint. Therefore, the bank has made a commitment to reductions in travel emissions, and reductions in transport (Barclays Bank Plc, 2011a). The organisation’s CSR also centres on community investment as a key area of concern. It believes in dedicating its time, skills and financial resources to support its communities. In the previous year, Barclays invested approximately 55.3 million pounds in community programmes. Audits indicate that approximately 62,118 employees participated in these programmes. Together, they touched about one point five million people. In this segment, Barclays invests on sports, young people and future innovations. The firm often ensures that it aligns its investments with sound community changes in order to create a significant impact. Furthermore, the company requires its employees to engage in certain programs that support community causes. In this regard, it has established a fundraising programme, volunteering opportunities and days that allow employees to make a difference in the lives of other people in the community. A similar night program also exists. Furthermore, the organisation has an Awards initiative that recognises the most useful employees in their company. It also encourages staff members to contribute regularly towards tangible community causes. Barclays believes that the manner in which it does business has a tremendous effect on its image as well as it corporate social obligations. As a result, the company has clearly defined business principles. Barclays achieves this through customer service improvements; customer engagements are key success indicators. Furthermore, the organisation meets its citizenship obligations through implementation of environmental and social impacts. The company ensures that its key resource (Human resource) can deliver on its corporate responsibility commitments by investing on its employees through corporate responsibility training. Furthermore, the bank works together with key stakeholders, such as shareholders, customers, businesses, and government bodies, in aid oriented and profit oriented industries to serve them well. It is only through stakeholder engagement that the company can address the needs of the people that it serves (Idowu, 2004). Lastly, the company’s CSR also acknowledges the need for diversity in its organisation. Barclays is an equal opportunity employer. It does not discriminate against applicants or employees on the basis of their race, gender, social background, sexual orientation or disability. Furthermore, the company believes that by harnessing the power of diversity in its institution, then it can reap the benefits of multiple perspectives in business.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Barclays Bank CSR specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More How the company deals with climate change and the extent to which the company addresses these concerns Since climate change is such a wide area, Barclays s elected only some key areas in its corporate social report so as to harness its potential for causing change; one of this is a climate action program. Three priorities govern this program; carbon footprint management, service and product development and climate change risk management. The firm has a target to reduce carbon emissions by four percent in 2013, in its carbon footprint management goal. The company collects and analyses its environmental data on a continual basis to achieve this. Barclays collaborates with external auditors such as Ernst and Young to increase the validity of this data. However, there is room for improvement in this area. The company is yet to meet its targets. It must, therefore, increase its robustness in that sector. Service and product development help to transition businesses and people to low carbon use. This issue relates to consumers who have ideas that relate to carbon reduction. If a business or entrepreneur seeks financing for such an investment opportunity, Barclays will provide that individual with unique risk management and financial solutions. This means that Barclays is contributing towards lower carbon use in its environments through a corporate outlook. The bank has done fairly well in this area because its treatment of such entrepreneurs is quite commendable. However, it must also realise that unless potential partners know about the company’s offering, then it will not realise this goal as soon as it would like. Reductions of emission from buildings are a priority area for the company. The company has made a lot of progress in South Africa and the United Kingdom to illustrate its commitment to this goal. First, the bank has innovative technology in green buildings. It started by constructing pilot plants in five branches, in 2008. Here, the organisation instated a device that perfects power use. In 2009, the Bank added nine more branches in the initiative. Each participating site led to 13% reductions in en ergy use. Therefore, the organisation saved approximately thirty thousand pounds in those branches. The firm plans on adding thirty branches to the project by the end of 2011. This is a step in the right direction. The South African Absa Capital manifests Barclays’ commitment to reduction of carbon emissions in buildings. Absa Capital is a green building in South Africa. It is one of the most environmentally friendly structures in that country. The building has highly efficient lighting; it possesses motion detectors to minimise wastage. Furthermore, it utilises solar water heating and harvests rainwater in its grounds. Estimates indicate that the complex has achieved a 34.2% decrease in energy use. These actions are quite positive; however, the institution must try to replicate such an initiative in different branches, as well. The returns on investment are quite clear.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More South Africa is a backbone in this development because of its Energy centre. The company generates electricity through the use of gas and is in Johannesburg. Its intention is to power 8 buildings; estimates indicate that the organisation will save 19,000 tonnes worth of carbon dioxide emissions. Emission reduction through technology use is another method that the company employs in saving energy use. The banking industry’s backbone is information technology. The firm has dense servers that manage its data centres. These servers contribute to the technology problem by emitting excessive heat. They also use up a lot of energy. Introduction of green data centres demonstrates Barclays’ commitment towards carbon emission reduction. These centres focus on using less power and space, using low polluting sources and still let the corporation meet its business needs efficiently. In one of the company’s data centres, the organisation has an ice-based cooling system that h as contributed to a 10 per cent reduction in carbon emissions or minimisation of 600 tonnes worth of carbon dioxide. In fact, environmental organisations such as leadership in Energy and Environmental design gave the company awards for these initiatives. The Bank does not just focus on the UK; it has put up programs in the United States and Singapore so as to achieve reductions in technology emissions too. In the US, the company has 4 data centres that have minimised energy use by approximately 4.4%. Furthermore, Singapore’s data centre has a 37% reduction in energy use after instalment of data centre coolers. The bank realises that several personal computers consume a lot of energy. When employees forget to switch them off in the evenings, then this increases energy use and carbon emissions. In the UK, the bank has instated a night-watchman technical system that automatically switches off personal computers when they are idle. Analyses indicate that this approach has saved 1 0 % of the company’s energy. Lastly, the organisation has a system in Spain which uses the same technology. However, the bank is yet to do assessments of its cost effectiveness because the system was only recently launched (Barclays Bank Plc, 2011b). Reduction of emissions in car, air and road travels exemplifies Barclays’ commitment to carbon reductions. In air travel, the firm has a project dubbed Icarus that it designed to develop best practice environmental management. The initiative aims at establishing baseline carbon emissions for this mode of travel. It also focuses on emission measurement and strategy management. The establishment has an objective of minimising carbon emissions per traveller by 2.11 percent. In order to accomplish this, Barclays has introduced virtual meetings. Video conferencing is getting popular in the institution. It has the latest technologies for conferencing in four key UK locations. Furthermore, the organisation has built a video confe rencing network for its international staff. Approximately 10,000 staff members communicate with one another through this platform. The firm bought hybrid cars that use modest fuel and have batteries that are rechargeable to reduce carbon emissions from car trips. Such an initiative is yet to reach other branches, but this is a step in the right direction. Lastly, Barclays has a Bike2Work initiative, where employees get to ride company sponsored bikes to work in order to lessen carbon emissions (Barclays Bank Plc, 2011a). Lastly, the organisation has a carbon offsetting scheme in place. It buys carbon credits in order to counterbalance its footprints. Offsetting works well for the organisation because it assists in financing environmentally friendly projects. In one scenario, the organisation purchased carbon credits from a company in Brazil. Through this effort, the establishment supported job creation and environmental sustainability attempts in that country. The firm has also inv ested in other nations like South Korea, India, China, Kenya and Tanzania through carbon credit purchases. As of 2010, Barclays contributed towards 1,191,956 credits. Conclusion The Barclays Bank Corporate Social Report is indicative of an organisation that is not afraid to ‘walk the talk.† Barclays has clear and straight forward corporate social responsibility goals and has used creative methods to meet them. Its various projects and initiatives testify to this commitment. References Barclays Bank Plc. (2011a). Barclays Annual CSR report. Retrieved from https://home.barclays/investor-relations/reports-and-events/annual-reports/?pageid=96 Barclays Bank Plc. (2011b). Citizenship. Retrieved from http://www.ethicalperformance.com/reports Idowu, S. (2004). A comparative study of the contents of corporate social responsibility reports of UK companies. Management of Environmental Quality, 4(15), 420-437. Idowu, S. Filho, W. (2008). Global practices of corporate social respons ibility. London: Springer. This report on Barclays Bank CSR was written and submitted by user Brielle L. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Imagery in One Flew Over the Cuckoo s Nest Essays

Imagery in One Flew Over the Cuckoo s Nest Essays Imagery in One Flew Over the Cuckoo s Nest Paper Imagery in One Flew Over the Cuckoo s Nest Paper The Image of Insanity In a world of technology and cities of massive population, in which strangers abound and close relationships are limited, society itself appears to be one large, emotionless machine, chi guying along with no care whatsoever for the individuals that make up the huge entity. A proponent of rebellion against conformity himself, Ken Keyes expresses his views on the demutualization of society in One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest through vivid imagery. More than a novel about the struggles of the individual characters or a representation of the dilemma of insane versus sane, One Flew is a statement about the cause f insanity. Through the imagery in Chief Bromides narration, Keyes reveals that the demutualization and conformity Of society is the true cause Of insanity. The patients of the mental hospital are constantly seen as an entity separate from the rest of society. The ward is isolated, and initially the only mention of the outside world is in a figurative sense. The Public Relation man and the women who he takes on tours of the hospital and the entrance of Big Nurse from the outside both reveal that the world continues moving outside, but Chief can see out the windows for the first half of the novel. Because Nurse Ratchet must unlock the door to enter, it gives the ward a further feeling of separation from the rest of society. This distinct difference marks the reason that these men are in the ward to begin with: they do not fit in to their roles in society. As Harding says to McCarthy at one point, All of us in here are rabbits of varying ages and degrees, hippy-hopping through our Walt Disney world. Oh, dont misunderstand me, iv?re not in here because were rabbits Were all here because we can adjust to our arbitrator (Keyes 61 Here Harding is revealing both the separation between the ward and the rest f the world, and that the reason the patients are in the ward to begin with is that they cant integrate With society properly. A common vein of Keyess works is the alienated and nonconformist individuals, who attempt To overcome their limitations and to retain their sanity (Ken Keyes). In One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest, the nonconformists are already labeled insane and are struggling to find a place and retain some sense of individuality while the Combine attempts to turn them into effective parts of society. Nurse Ratchet is the face of the Combine in this endeavor, a perfect representative f a standardized, conformist, correct outside world, whose elemental desire is to protect itself against non-conformity or incorrectness (Wieldier). In this strictly regimented world of the ward the nonconformist patients have already given up for the most part, and the only thing preventing them from becoming just another part Of society is their own personalities, which are seemingly out of control. Into this attempt to make the patients fit into conventional society, where Ratchet is trying to build A little world Inside that is a made-to-scale prototype of the big world Outside (Keyes 48-49), tepees McCarthy, the embodiment of individuality and nonconformity. McCarthy is the architect of the patients rebellion against Big Nurse Ratchet and the obedient and unquestioning society she represents. He begins the fight against Big Nurses mechanized world. McCarthy represents individuality and self-reliance. He is the wild-west good guy who is a figure of the untamed natural world itself (Swallowing 124-125). In contrast, the Combine and society are euthanized, described in very mechanical terms. The term Combine itself implies the mechanical nature. The unification of society as one, the combining every person into one mass, without any identification of the individual, and also a combine, or a harvester, a machine that gathers crops, or in this case, people. According to Broaden, the bastards who work for the Combine Slip one of their machines in on you (Keyes 12). He also describes a nighttime scene in which the dorm sinks down into the basement where robot-like workers move in repetitive motions in a furnace-like room, and a patient named Plastic is hooked by his heel and treated like a side of meat (78-81 In these Ways the Combine harvests the people who cannot fit in with the structure and rules of society. Everything about the ward is described in a mechanical way. The imagery rev eals that this made-to-scale copy of the Outside has become completely euthanized. All of the workers, and especially Big Nurse, appear robotic. She carries wheels and gears, needles, pliers and copper wire (10) and makes precise, always calculated movements and gestures. Even her facial expressions are calculated and cold. The imagery of the black boys is slightly more humankind, as they are described as having emotions, but the Hum of lack machinery, humming hate and death and other hospital secrets (10) still provides mechanical imagery. Even the ward itself is managed in a strict manner, with a very repetitive routine. As Tanner describes, The phantom machines Broaden describes in the walls and in the people are part of a significant pattern of imagery used to develop the central theme concerning technological manipulation (22). Titles like Vegetables, Wheelers, Chronics, Acutest, and even the black boys are another sign of how the ward suppresses individuality and dehumidifies the patients in order to mold hem into proper members of society, because society itself is euthanized. Therefore, Macarthur first acts of rebellion occur when he first enters the ward. He goes against procedure by refusing to shower, and then he crosses the line between the segregated groups. Despite [knowing] right away hes not a Chronic (Keyes 22), he goes around the room and shakes the hands of not only the Acutest, but also the Chronics and even the Vegetables. As unconsciously as this he begins his rebellion against the ward, against the Combine, and against accepted society. As the representative Of individuality, McCarthy is the key fighter in the small scale war. Far from being euthanized, the imagery Keyes uses to portray McCarthy is very natural, rough and untamed. Beat up and rough, with a palm that was callused, and the calluses were cracked, and dirt was worked into the cracks. A road map of his travels up and down the West (27), McCarthy held the spirit of untamed nature and the West, the very epitome of individual work and self-reliance. Once the Keeps imagery set the stage in the readers mind, the contrasting imagery of Machine and Nature is identified, [and] the battle lines for the entrap conflict are readily apparent (Tanner 28). The patients rebellion progresses the conflict between nature and euthanized society. [T]he symbolic rebellion of these characters is transformed into a full-scale political protest directed specifically at the existing power structure (Lieberman). This existing structure being the mechanized, technological society represented by the Combine. Keyes was using the attitude of his time period to add to the realization that One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest was a parallel to the events of the real world. He gave he readers something more to think about, critiquing an American society that was portrayed in the serious media of the sass as consisting of a lonely crowd Of organization men, Offered affluence only if willing to pay the price Of conformity (Tanner 18). It was the distressed and tense feelings that were prevalent in this style of society that led to the activism and rebellion of the sis (Ken Kef). As a representation of that rebellious attitude, One Flew utilizes the same tensions and mind-sets to promote the patients rebellion. Although the rebellion starts off with a somewhat political appearance, including the sit-down strike that the men go on when Ratchet, despite us poised encouraging a democratic-style ward, refuses to let them watch the World Series despite having voted to be able to (Keyes 127-128), as it continues, it becomes associated with nature in some ways as well. As the exact opposite of machinery and technology, nature became the sign of the patients successes in the covert war. As the rebellion scene most associated with nature, the fishing trip that McCarthy organized for the patients represented the peak of their success. In fighting standardized society, the men are fighting the very thing which isolated them and cast them aside. Because they could not or would not conform, they were sometimes driven or sometimes simply labeled as insane. The machines and other images he sees are the product of [his] fear- distorted imagination Fear, paranoia, weakness, and disorientation from nature (Tanner 27). In some ways the patients of the mental hospital are no less sane than the people out of it, but they are unable to adjust to the reality of society. Lieberman interprets the patients insanity in a similar way, stating that many of them are not mad at all, unless they have been unhinged by the craziness in the world at large. This logic is supported by the fact that most of the men were voluntarily committed, and it is revealed that many of them got worse within the hospital. Chief Broaden is such a character. Harding implies that it was the treatments the doctors used that actually did the most damage. He says, Ive heard that the Chief, years ago, received more than two hundred shock treatments. Imagine what this could do to a mind that was already slipping (Keyes 65). In the past, mental illnesses were often wrongly diagnosed or completely ignored, and treatment id little more than chain or cage the patient, while actual treatments often comprised of medication, electroshock therapy, or cryosurgery that could do more damage than good (Historical Context). In addition, it has been questioned whether mental hospitals dont actually cause people to appear insane or act insane in response to a bizarre setting (Hornlike 113). Keyes, along with many other modern writers, presents madness more as a moral condition that stands as an indictment of modern society, simply a product of social corruption (Lieberman). As McCarthy says, You boys dont kook so crazy to me' (Keyes 22). Although a large percentage of the patients clearly have some mental problems, he sees some issues as being simply a part of being human, and therefore imperfect. To him insanity is not an explanation of anything A dead-end label, an excuse. To be crazy is not to be without sense (Hornlike 114). Even some Of the more insane men seem to have a deep meaning behind their insanity. During a dream-like sequence, Broaden comes across Colonel Matters, a Chronic patient who makes bizarre metaphors such as Mexico is The wall-nut, and Broaden alkalizes Hes been saying this sort of thing for the whole six years hes been here, but never paid him any mind, figured he Didnt make a lick of sense. Now, at last, I see what hes saying (Keyes 120). As Broaden explains, the man was making his own sort of sense, even if no one else understood. McCarthy also understands this type of logic, and teaches the inmates of the insane asylum to create their own truths (Pick), which is, in a way, what Broaden has done in his creation of the mechanical underworld that no one else can see. The relationship between nature and machinery in the conflict f the rebellion also reveals the affects that the demutualization of society has on people. There is a correlation throughout the novel between the imagery used (mechanical or natural) and the mental health of the patients, and especially the Chief. Although it is hard to pinpoint a time where Chief can be declared completely sane, his perception of reality definitely improves throughout the novel. He continues to think of things in terms of the Combine and the machines, but he no longer sees things that arent really there, he is just interpreting what he sees in strange ways. His improvement can be edged by the imagery he presents in his narration. The first event that reveals his improvement is when the fog machine supposedly breaks. Before this the fog was almost a defense mechanism for Broaden, one he used to shield himself from other people and from reality. When McCarthy argues with Big Nurse about watching the World Series, the fog rolls in heavy and surrounds Broaden, but one of the things he sees in the fog is his father, who he tends to associate with nature because his childhood was surrounded by the natural world. After this, Chief continues through a dream-sequence tit the fog all around, but when McCarthy calls for a vote, he manages to push through the fog and raise his hand, connecting him back to reality. This meeting supposedly causes the fog machine to break, and Broaden remains in touch with his own version of reality for quite some time after this. The next big step for Broaden is when he wakes up to reality in the middle of the night, walks to the window, and is actually able to see outside. Here he begins to recapture some of his former feelings about nature (Madden 1 55), but the power of the machine is reinforced when a dog he sees is run over by car in the same scene. Despite this reminder, the Chief continues to regain his sanity. He begins to remember more of his childhood memories, most of which are associated with nature (Madden 155-156). In this way, the more he sees and remembers nature, and the more vivid his imagery of nature is, the more sane he is, as well. In contrast to Broaden, McCarthy begins to lose touch with nature and, eventually, with sanity. He enters the novel and the hospital bigger than life and restores the inmates power, [but] ends as a clockwork version Of his former self* (Pick). At the end of the novel, just before Broaden executes him and then escapes, McCarthy is described as a crummy sideshow fake (270), by the patients who dont believe he could ever become less than the Wild West style hero he was to them. His face is empty, like a dummy. He has finally been caught and euthanized by the Combine. After killing the fake McCarthy, Broaden escapes from the hospital by tearing out a control panel and tossing it through the safety-glass window. He heard the wires and connections tearing out of the floor. The glass splashed out in the moon, like a bright cold water baptizing the sleeping art (Keyes 271-272). This imagery shows nature escaping from the machine, just as Broaden is finally escaping from the control of the Combine. He is finally able to get away and reaffirm his connection with nature, and by doing so he IS able to reinforce his recovered sanity. The fact that his escape from depredations and euthanized society is so closely linked with his sanity confirms Keyes belief that society causes insanity. Keyes uses imagery through One Flew Over the Cuckoos Nest to present to the reader the idea that the focus on technology, machinery and diversification in our society s associated with insanity, while nature is, in contrast, connected to sanity.

Self Career Planning Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words - 1

Self Career Planning Report - Essay Example As a graduate student, I believe that in today’s competitive world, it is very imperative for individuals to understand and evaluate themselves personally, as one cannot survive in this globalized world by applying ostrich’s approach that results in career plateau (Allen, Russell, Poteet, & Dobbins, 1999). Thus, this paper will focus on my explorations about my own self and aspects of my personality that will play a considerable role in decision-making process during my life. The following section of this paper will include results of Myers’ Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) test (Bayne, 1997) and analysis on its different indications about my personality. I will put efforts in presenting the results of the test in such a manner that the reader will be able to create a general picture of my personality. Furthermore, it will be my aim to relate results of MBTI test with different aspects of my life that have already happened in the past. The next section of the paper will focus more on identification of my career goal on the basis of analysis of the test results, as well as my personal observations. This section will include brief description and discussion about the field in which I intend to have my career and its correlation with the results. The following section will shed light on requirements, information, specifications of the particular job, as well as its field and/or industry that will be helpful in understanding the probability of my highest achievement in that specific career. The fifth section will include discussion on challenges or barriers related to the identified job and field/industry, and the gaps that exist between my current profile and the identified job. More importantly, it will include the steps that will help me in reaching closer to my vision and target achievement in life. Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) test is an outcome of efforts of Isabel Myers

Recombinant DNA tech, RNA tech, Protein Expression, Protein tech Assignment

Recombinant DNA tech, RNA tech, Protein Expression, Protein tech - Assignment Example Question Two For a plasmid to act as an effective cloning vector that can transfer the gene of interest into the target cells, it must exhibit the ability to replicate upon entry into the target cells. Moreover, it must have several cloning sites that allow the insertion of the gene of interest. The plasmid must have a defined origin of replication and effective promoters that ensure successful expression of the foreign gene. Question Three Polymerase chain reaction is one of the ways in which the 1kb gene may be quantified. This process yields many copies of the gene of interest, making other analytical processes possible. The modern Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) exhibits a high level of automation, and yields multiple copies of the gene. The second way of yielding great amounts would involve insertion of the gene into bacteria. After replication of the plasmid in the bacteria, the gene of interest multiplies. Question Four In order to identify the genes in the human liver whose e xpression occurs only when under pressure, a cDNA library would be the most effective. This library would focus on the fragments that undergo transcription and expression. Construction of such a library would require the sequencing of the genes of interest and inserting them into a plasmid vector. The library would also have reverse transcribed messenger RNAs for the genes, and this would involve the use of reverse transcriptase to yield DNA complementary to the messenger RNA. Question Five Type II Restriction Endonucleases do not degrade bacterial chromosomal DNA because they exhibit specificity for foreign DNA. It would be irrational for these endonucleases to cleave the host DNA. Therefore, they limit their activity to breaking down foreign DNA into fragments but preserving host DNA. Such specificity has enabled geneticists to develop DNA fragmentation techniques using restriction enzymes found in bacteria. Question 6 A double stranded circular DNA with four recognition sites for the HindIII, would be fragmented into four fragments after digestion. The restriction would cleave the circular DNA at the four recognition sites yielding four independent fragments, contrary to the five that would result after linearization of the DNA. The difference would emerge because of the evident practical observation made by geneticists who have highlighted that circular DNA yields one less fragment after digestion with restriction enzyme, compared to linear DNA with the same restriction sites. Question 7 In order to screen a cDNA library, the high-density screening method would prove to be highly effective. This method requires the use of high concentrations plating. The choice of this screening factor would be motivated by the fact that it presents a platform for the geneticist to analyze the different fragments through the visualization on a single plate. The technique also proves effective when the gene under study codes for a specific protein. Part 2 Question 1 In orde r to separate cells obtained from tissues of normal mice compared to those obtained from mice engineered with highly active muscle cells, a specific method of analysis is required. The first step would involve isolation of cells from both tissues. After isolation of those cells, effective culture would follow to prepare the cells for effective analysis. It would be necessary to isolate the mitochondrial DNA and nuclear DNA from both types of cells. Muscle cells have

Critical Thinking Reflection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Critical Thinking Reflection - Essay Example Decline in SNAP benefits will translate to the government focusing on other essential economic projects meant to cushion favorable living standards instead of taxing citizens heavily in order to cater for supplementary issues. Mainly, this involves both exploring as well as thinking in such a way the predicament or situation facing a person normally appears different than how it would have had an initial pose. This is encompasses seeking alternatives in a move to obtain solutions after analyzing varied assumptions without hastily resulting to ungrounded judgments. In this case, assumption recognition usually entails lodging adequate scrutiny of varied beliefs, which underlie preferred choices meant to resolve a certain problem. Its application is extremely essential in both practical life and in resolving scholarly matters. Thinking skills such as creative and critical approach usually are helpful in aiding one express idea in a logical manner and contrary to what numerous people may be assuming is the best alternative in resolving a certain issue. Hence, bring about mental inquiry essential in being creative as well as innovative. However, these skills are not bound to one subject or field because one is able to think and solve problems in any way encountered. To ensure my use of critical thinking in future I need to focus on enhancing own critical approach in each aspect without accepting the ordinary way of perceiving situations. Therefore, I must at least get used to working out different problems during the days. Steenland, Sally. Faith in Values: How to Reduce Poverty and Save Taxpayers $4.6 Billion Per Year. Center for American Progress. 19Th March 2014. Web. 21St September 2014.

Is Community Policing Effective?

Is Community Policing Effective? AN ANALYSIS OF COMMUNITY POLICING: IS COMMUNITY POLICING AN EFFECTIVE PRACTICE? ABSTRACT Community Policing is a relatively new policing practice that focuses on reducing the crime rate in an area by creating cooperation and trust between citizens and police. The question that comes into play regarding this is whether or not community policing is an effective practice. To answer this question, a study will be conducted where community policing is implemented in a big city for a span of 2 years. All of the citizens and police officers of all ages and both sex’s will be the research participants. Data will be collected by comparing the crime rates from the beginning of the study to the end of the study, along with comparison between the data every 2 months as well. The results will be analyzed by looking at whether or not there were any changes in the crime rates as well as the amount of cooperation by citizens. If there was a decrease in the crime rate then that will determine that community policing is in fact an effective community policing practice that is worth its extra cost. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION LITERATURE REVIEW STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM METHODOLOGY AND ANALYSIS DISCUSSION CONCLUSION REFERENCES INTRODUCTION The criminal Justice field is currently in a time where new and innovative policing practices are being used in police departments across America. One of these practices being implemented nationwide is community policing. Community policing spans a broad range of programs from neighborhood newsletters and neighborhood substations to foot patrol and neighborhood watch (Welsburd, Lum, 2013). Community Policing’s main focus is to create stronger alliances between police and the community. The goals of community policing are to help reduce citizen fear of crime, improve police-community relations, facilitate more effective responses to community problems, and lower the overall amount of crimes committed (â€Å"Community Policing,† n.d., para. 1). When evaluating the community policing practices there is always the question of whether or not the practice is effective and should continue to be implemented in police departments. Community Policing is an effective practice that is supported by different studies and statistics that have been conducted and released regarding this police practice. (Telep, Weisburd, 2011) The effectiveness of community policing is measured by examining a collection of strategies that are implemented in the practice. (Owusu-Bempah, 2010) Community Policing practices has had great results in cities such as Chicago where the practice has been implemented in several neighborhoods (Eig, 2002). By determining the effectiveness of community policing it determines whether or not this practice is worth being implemented by police departments throughout America. LITERATURE REVIEW Welsburd and Lum (2013) describe how Charlotte Gill and colleagues conducted a study on the impact of community policing. The study showed how community policing led to significant positive benefits for citizen satisfaction, perceived disorder, and police legitimacy. In the end of the article Bennett and colleagues looked at the effectiveness of neighborhood watch programs, which is related to community policing. They found that a neighborhood watch program does in fact lead to a substantial â€Å"crime reduction.† (Para. 10) These authors focus more on the positive aspects of community policing and do not describe much in the way of negatives regarding this policing practice. Community policing involves strengthening the relationship between police officers and citizens in the community. â€Å"Community Policing† (n.d) describes how Goldstein describes that officers working closely with members in the community have greater independence with making decisions, have positive feelings toward citizens, and have greater job satisfaction. One survey conducted on patrol officers showed 98 percent of officers agreed that â€Å"assisting citizens† is just as essential as â€Å"enforcing law.† (Para. 6) The authors focused on describing officer opinion on community policing and positive affects it has had. Community Service is an essential aspect of community policing that strengthens Citizens Corporation and trust. â€Å"The Bureau of Justice Statistics† (n.d) describes how Offering youth education and coordinating community outreach efforts are effective methods in community policing that have been utilized. The study focused on implementing a greater use of foot and bicycle patrols and frequent meetings with community groups. The LEMAS survey conducted in 2003 revealed 58% of all departments, employing 82% of officers, and utilized full-time community policing officers during 2003. All Together, there were about 54,800 local police officers assigned as community police officers. These authors provide data on how community policing is becoming a more widespread policing practice due to its effectiveness. Community Policing has proved to be effective in communities throughout America such as Chicago. Jonathon Eig (2002) describes the community policing practice in Chicago which focuses on more than just foot patrols. Citizens form a positive relationship with police officers which make them believe they have a role in solving the neighborhoods problems. The study describes how in Chicago when a suspect resisted arrest and began punching the officer, neighborhood gang members rushed to her defense and helped subdue the man. (2002) after the implementation of community policing Chicago communities have experienced falling crime rates and a growing sense of safety in many neighborhoods. Fayetteville Minneapolis implemented a community policing strategy to reduce violent crime plaguing the city. Greg Barnes (2014) describes that violent crime among juveniles has fallen dramatically after using community policing. The study showed from 2006 to 2012 gun crimes involving youth dropped by 57 percent and gun crimes dropped by 67 percent. Youths were 39 percent less likely to be shot and 60 percent less likely to be murdered. Fayetteville Police departments hired more police officers to patrol streets and the department upgraded crime-fighting-technology. The study stated that in 2013 there were about 600 fewer home breaks ins. Fayetteville shows how community policing is effective at reducing crime and violence in the community. Community policing is implemented to help curb the rise in violence throughout communities. Akwasi Owusu-Bempah (2010) describes how officers must be actively engaged in efforts to enhance the community safety themselves while using assistance from citizens. Through knowledge-sharing with members of the community, patrol officers become most knowledgeable about the needs and strengths of their communities. The study showed during the six years after the project began (from 1995 through 2000) the number of homicides in Atlanta decreased by 27 per cent. The author describes the positives of community policing and the data that supports this. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM Authors have stated that Community Policing is a relatively new practice in law enforcement that involves a variety of programs which can vary depending on the police department. ( Telep, Weisburd, 2011; â€Å"Community Policing,† n.d., para. 1; Welsburd, Lum, 2013; Owusu-Bempah, 2010) However there is a limited amount of data that determine if community policing practice is worth for departments to utilize. This means it is unclear whether community policing is an effective practice in regards to reducing crime. METHODOLOGY AND ANALYSIS The methodology is broken down into separate main focuses, the research participants, research design, and the procedure. The research that will be conducted is study of how a community policing program is an effective policing practice. The study will involve implementing a community policing program in a high crime city and seeing what effect it has over a 2 year span. The study’s participants will be split up into two separate groups. The first group will be composed of any citizen living in the city that has implemented a community policing policy. The city for this study is in New Haven Connecticut, which means everyone living in the city limits of New Haven will be the research participants. Their demographic will involve citizens of all ages and both male and females. The second group is composed of all the New Haven police officers assigned to areas throughout New Haven where they will utilize a community policing strategy. Their demographic will involve police officers of all ages and both male and female officers. My design/procedure involves experimentation which will show if community policing is an effective practice. The experiment will involve implementing a community policing practice in New Haven for 2 years. The city will need to hire more officers to actively patrol one specific neighborhood their entire shift. To determine if the practice was successful it will be measured by, whether or not the crime rate decreased with a community policing practice in place. The initial crime rate will be determined by the numbers of various major crimes committed the year before community policing was implemented such as murders, homicides, robbery’s, larceny’s, assaults, and grand theft auto. Next the study will involve increasing the number of cops on patrol and their interaction with citizens in the specific areas they are assigned too. Things that will be measured are whether or not corporation between police and citizens of the city has gone up. Another aspect measured is the ri se in annual police department costs since the community policing practice was put into place. Lastly to measure the practices success during the 2 year span you compare the number of crimes committed every 2 months throughout the duration of the study. Then once the two years is finally done compare the number of crimes that occurred before the start of the study to the number of crimes that occurred at the end of the study to see if the policing practice was in fact effective. For community policing to be deemed effective the data compared will show a drop in the crime rate. Lastly effectiveness will also be based on the cost of the practice compared to the results of the implementation of community policing. DISCUSSION Law enforcement agencies throughout the country are always looking for a solution to lower the rise in number of crimes committed. In the past law enforcement typically involved a disconnect between citizen’s and police officers. However with new policing practices like community policing the disconnect is able to be reduced by police advocating cooperation between citizens and police. Citizens are given the opportunity to be directly involved with keeping their own neighborhood safe by working with police by providing information such as witness statements and possible leads. This also leads to police getting to know people in the community on a personal level and for citizens to view a cop as more than just a person with a badge and a gun. What this means is that community policing provides reasons for citizens to speak with police which will help deter criminals from committing crimes due to knowing that witnesses will cooperate. The importance of the study conducted is that it allows for other police departments to determine whether community policing might work well in their city. There is also a chance for departments already implementing the practice to determine whether they should continue or discontinue community policing. Implementing community policing comes at a rather high cost due to an increase in officers on patrol at once. By the study only being two years long it allows for a city to see first-hand results of the policing practice which will help determine if the effect on the crime rate outweighs the extra costs. Similar studies to this one have shown results that provide support for community policing being an effective policing practice. Chicago is a city that has already implemented community policing in their neighborhoods. One major is that the Chicago study involves community policing in specific neighborhoods with the most crime and poverty which is different from how the New Haven study involves the entire city. In the Chicago study neighborhoods saw a decrease in crimes especially those involved with drugs and gang violence. There was also increased police and citizen cooperation which led to citizens sharing a lot more valuable information to the police, due to how the police showed citizens they were in the community to help them keep the neighborhoods they live in safer. The Chicago study is able to provide support of how community policing will be able to help with reducing the similar issues of gang violence and drug related violence in New Haven which has in recent years seen a major rise in these issues. Even though the study in New Haven shows effective results there are limitations and problems that could possibly occur. A limitation is that realistically not all officers will be able to get citizens in their patrol area to cooperate with them. If this is the case the question that arises is whether it’s worth the extra costs to continue with community policing in the neighborhood for the full duration of the study. Also with a study over a 2 year span a lot can change, if an officer assigned to a neighborhood has to leave midway through the study, could lead to citizens no longer cooperating with the newly assigned officer in the same way they did with the prior officer. In order for the experiment to have validity it would require that every neighborhood has the same officer patrolling it the entire 2 yearlong study which is unrealistic in a large city like New Haven. The last possible problem is that community policing involves a variety of programs which means programs t hat led to successful a community policing outcome in one city might not have the same results in another city. CONCLUSION Community policing is one of the most recent law enforcement innovations with recent research suggesting that close to 100 percent of larger police agencies have implemented this practice. (Welsburd, Lum, 2013) The problem regarding community policing is determining whether or not it can be called an effective policing practice. The overall goals associated with this practice are fear reduction, increased citizen satisfaction with police, and the development of techniques which address the issues in the community. Community Policing’s overall concern is to create stronger alliances between police and the community which are a major factor in seeing crime rates in an area decrease. (â€Å"Community Policing,† n.d., para. 1). (Quire, 1993) While community policing has its benefits there are also some issues with it such as the rise in police spending and an increased need for more officers on patrol at the same time. In the end the New Haven community policing study is ju st one of the many studies that provide support that it is in fact an effective policing practice. REFERENCES Welsburd, David, and Cynthia Lum. Community Policing and Procedural Justice.Center for EvidenceBased Crime Policy. 1 Jan. 2013. Web. 4 Dec. 2014. http://cebcp.org/evidence-based-policing/what-works-in-policing/research- evidence-review/community-policing/ Police: Community Policing The Theory And Practice Of Community Policing. Officers, Crime, Local, and Neighborhood. Web. 27 Nov. 2014. http://law.jrank.org/pages/1650/Police-Community-Policing-theory-practice- community-policing.html Telep, Cody, and David Weisburd. What Is Known about the Effectiveness of Police Practices? 1 Sept. 2011. Web. 4 Dec. 2014. http://www.jjay.cuny.edu/Telep_Weisburd.pdf Eig, Jonathan. Eyes on the Street: Community Policing in Chicago.The American Prospect. 17 May 2002. Web. 4 Dec. 2014. http://prospect.org/article/eyes-street- community-policing-chicago Owusu-Bempah, Akwasi. Review of the Roots of Youth Violence: Literature Reviews. Community Policing Strategie. 27 Apr. 2010. Web. 4 Dec. 2014. http://www.children.gov.on.ca/htdocs/English/topics/youthandthelaw/roots/volu me5/preventing03_community_polcing.aspx Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS).Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS). Web. 4 Dec. 2014. http://www.bjs.gov/index.cfm?ty=tptid=81 Barnes, Greg. Seeking Safety: A Blueprint for Reducing Youth Crime That Works :: WRAL.com.WRAL.com. 26 Oct. 2014. Web. 4 Dec. 2014. http://www.wral.com/seeking-safety-a-blueprint-for-reducing-youth-crime-that- works/14117413/ Quire, Donald. Models for Community Policing Evaluation: The St. Petersburg Experience. 1 Jan. 1993. Web. 4 Dec. 2014. https://www.fdle.state.fl.us/Content/getdoc/50e19742-07dd-4813-a850- 3248a9db71b5/Quire.aspx

depression :: essays research papers

Om depression Psykiska tecken pà ¥ depression Mà ¥nga personer tror att de aldrig kommer drabbas av depression, men sà ¥ à ¤r det inte, vem som helst i vilken som helst à ¥lder kan drabbas av depression. Denna sjukdom à ¤r inget som de flesta egentligen vill prata om, utan det à ¤r kanske nà ¥got som man skà ¤ms à ¶ver. Psykiska sjukdomar har dessvà ¤rre i alla tider varit en negativ stà ¤mpel. Men en viktig sak att veta à ¤r att depression à ¤r en av de vanligaste sjukdomarna i Sverige och det gà ¥r att bli frisk. Ungefà ¤r 4 - 5 % av Sveriges befolkning har i vuxen à ¥lder, idag en depression som behà ¶ver behandling. Det finns olika typer av depressioner. Egentlig depression, melankoli, dystymi, och manodepressiv sjukdom à ¤r de vanligaste depressionsdiagnoserna. Alla mà ¤nniskor kan ibland kà ¤nna sig ledsna och nere, men detta à ¤r inte depression, detta à ¤r nà ¥got som drabbar alla i và ¥rt dagliga liv. Nà ¤r man à ¤r sà ¥ deprimerad sà ¥ att man inte ser nà ¥gon utvà ¤g och allt kà ¤nns svart och meningslà ¶st, dà ¥ det pà ¥verkar và ¥ra kà ¤nslor tankar och handlingar. Dà ¥ har man en depression. Depressioner kan kà ¤nnetecknas av nedstà ¤mdhet, hopplà ¶shet, trà ¶tthet, glà ¤djelà ¶shet, allmà ¤nt ointresse, hà ¤mning av olika aktiviteter, sjà ¤lvmordstankar och i svà ¥ra fall sjà ¤lvmord. Den allvarligaste depressionen à ¤r den djupa depressionen eller melankoli. Normal nedstà ¤mdhet brukar alla mà ¤nniskor klara av, hantera och bearbeta. Ärftliga faktorer och tidigare erfarenheter pà ¥verkar dock và ¥rat sà ¤tt att reagera och hur sà ¥rbara vi à ¤r. Det finns emellertid ett antal depressionstillstà ¥nd som à ¤r svà ¥rare och krà ¤ver bà ¥de medicinsk och psykologisk behandling. De vanligaste symtomen vid depression à ¤r: Nedstà ¤mdhet Avsaknad av glà ¤dje och intresse fà ¶r vanliga aktiviteter Aptit- och viktfà ¶rà ¤ndringar Sà ¶mnstà ¶rningar Fà ¶rà ¤ndrad motorik Trà ¶tthet och kà ¤nslomà ¤ssig frusenhet Nedvà ¤rderande sjà ¤lvbild Koncentrationssvà ¥righeter och beslutsvà ¥nda Tankar pà ¥ dà ¶den, sjà ¤lvmordstankar och sjà ¤lvmordsfà ¶rsà ¶k Sexuella stà ¶rningar, à ¥ngest och à ¶verdriven misstà ¤nksamhet mot omgivningen Depressiva sjukdomar à ¤r mycket vanliga och kan drabba vem som helst och i alla à ¥ldrar. Enligt WHO à ¤r depression pà ¥ và ¤g att bli en av và ¤rldens stà ¶rsta folksjukdomar. Cirka 500 000 svenskar berà ¤knas just nu ha en depression som krà ¤ver medicinsk behandling. Fyra olika diagnoser pà ¥ depression Fà ¶rstà ¤mningssyndrom kallas ibland ocksà ¥ fà ¶r affektiva sjukdomar och à ¤r den sammanfattade benà ¤mningen fà ¶r de tillstà ¥nd som à ¤r kopplade till fà ¶rà ¤ndringar i stà ¤mningslà ¤get. Hit rà ¤knas t.ex. egentlig depression, dystymi, och manodepressiv sjukdom. Là ¤kare delar in depressionen after dess svà ¥righetsgrad och hur den yttrar sig. Hà ¤r nedanfà ¶r à ¤r de vanligaste depressionsdiagnoserna. Egentlig depression Är det som beskriver bà ¤st det man menar nà ¤r man pratar om depression. Fà ¶r att stà ¤lla denna diagnos krà ¤vs det att symtomen nedstà ¤mdhet och/eller minskat intresse fà ¶r omgivningen skall finnas under stà ¶rre delen av dagen, sà ¥ gott som varje dag under minst tvà ¥ veckor. Sjukdomen kan vara av là ¤tt, mà ¥ttlig eller av svà ¥r karaktà ¤r, och vid de svà ¥rare depressionerna sà ¥ anvà ¤nds begreppet melankoli. En del personer som drabbats av depressioner varar det under mycket là ¥ng

Debating and discussing the benefits and drawbacks

Thematic instruction is a method of learning that is going more and more outstanding within schools across the state due to the Government ‘s instruction reappraisal and their proposed new course of study for 2011. The switch to this method of instruction is intended to assist reorganize the traditional capable countries into ‘thematic ‘ countries of acquisition, easing the force per unit areas on schools to learn purely to the course of study and give their instructors the freedom they need in order to make cross-curricular thematic lessons. This study will try to specify both thematic and cross-curricular instruction and discourse their several advantages and disadvantages. Shoemaker ( 1989 ) states that a cross-curriculum instruction is one that is set up so that schoolroom topics overlap with one another, the method efforts to convey together legion facets of the course of study into assorted lessons to reflect the ‘real universe ‘ such that pupils can â€Å" utilize cognition learned in one context as a cognition base in other contexts † ( Collins, Brown, & A ; Newman, 1989 ) . Shanahan ( 1995 ) agrees with this definition, he states that â€Å" thematic instruction is a method of forming learning about subjects or subjects doing it possible to incorporate direction across nucleus countries†¦ Thematic units are designed to promote pupils to dig deep into subjects developing both an consciousness and apprehension of bing connexions across thoughts. † The above definitions suggest that thematic and cross-curricular instruction is indispensable for kids to tie in that accomplishments learnt in one category are of import to ols for finishing undertakings within other topics in school and undertakings outside. Applebee, Langer, & A ; Mullis ( 1989 ) study why the alteration to this method or instruction is necessary â€Å" while pupils are larning the basic information in nucleus capable countries, they are non larning to use their cognition efficaciously in thought and logical thinking † Marzano ( 1991 ) and Perkins ( 1991 ) construct on this ; they believe that these methods work towards turn toing some ‘recurring jobs ‘ in instruction, one in peculiar being that of stray accomplishment direction. Ofsted ‘s study ‘The Curriculum in Successful Primary Schools ‘ ( 2002 ) in which it was noted that successful schools were the 1s in which â€Å" The instructors recognised that where links are effectual they enable students to use the cognition and accomplishments learned in one topic to others. † Because cross-curricular and thematic instruction involves the linking of activities that are designed around subjects or subjects every bit good as traversing legion countries within the National Curriculum they â€Å" provide an environment that Fosters and encourages procedure acquisition and active engagement of all pupils † ( Fisher, 1991 ) , this would therefore aid instructor turn to the different acquisition manners of students within their schoolrooms. A claim that Komorowska ( 2001 ) backs up, saying that because â€Å" teaching kids is non systematic, the methods and techniques chosen by the instructor are of a higher significance than their consequences. † With respects to the diverse acquisition manners that kids have, experts have identified three ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.time4learning.com/learning-styles.shtml ) : Auditory scholars remember by speaking out loud, like to hold things explained orally and may hold problem with written instructions. Auditory scholars may speak to themselves when larning something new. Ocular scholars easy retrieve ocular inside informations and prefer to see what they are larning. They prefer to compose down instructions and may hold problem following talks. This type of scholar enjoys art and drawing ; reads maps, charts and diagrams good ; fascinated with machines and innovations ; dramas with Lego ; likes labyrinths and mystifiers. Kinesthetic scholars prefer activities that allow them to make what they are larning about. Haptic scholars like to touch things in order to larn about them and wish to travel around when speaking or listening. Shows you instead than Tells you. Through the usage of thematic and transverse curricular instruction, schoolroom instructors are able to provide for these three distinct groups of scholars and, hence, make an ambiance in which each group remains interested in the lesson therefore battling any ennui and increasing the students ‘ potency for larning. Former Secretary of State for Education and Skills, Charles Clarke, wrote in the Excellence and Enjoyment Strategy ( 2004 ) , â€Å" What makes good primary instruction great is the merger of excellence and enjoyment. Children learn better when they are excited and engaged – but what excites them and engages them best is genuinely first-class instruction, which challenges them and shows them what they can make. † Which falls in line with Larsen-Freeman ‘s statement ( 2000 ) that larning becomes even more effectual due to it being â€Å" facilitated in a cheerful environment † , and Resnick ‘s ( 1989 ) claim that this method increases students ‘ motive for larning and their degree of battle because they can see the value of what they are being taught and become more actively engaged in the lesson as opposed to the isolated accomplishment larning that other methods offer. It is, nevertheless, of import to see general larning features every bit good as the antecedently mentioned groups of features and how these are successfully manipulated through the usage of these methods. Thaiss ( 1986 ) , Krogh ( 1990 ) and Jacobs ( 1989 ) all write that kids that are able to utilize fact-finding accomplishments to research what they are larning, and interact with other members of their acquisition community, whether that ‘s other students, instructors or schoolroom helpers, really learn more than those kids that are non encouraged to inquire inquiries and portion sentiments with other scholars. Vygotsky ( 1962 ) gives us an account as to why this technique is successful. He pointed out that kids who have different accomplishments, learn from each other. This is because through the encouragement of probe, oppugning and working together, students are given the chance to see undertakings from the point of position of others. Finally, the humanistic attack in learning emphasises the importance of single and typical features of a human being and the desire for fulfillment. In instruction it means student-oriented learning instead than teacher-oriented one Biskup ( 1990 ) . Fisher et Al says, â€Å" what promotes creativeness is a oppugning schoolroom, where instructors and students ask unusual and ambitious inquiries ; where new connexions are made ; where thoughts are represented in different ways- visually, physically and verbally ; where there are fresh attacks and solutions to jobs ; and where the effects of thoughts and actions are critically evaluated. † In a humanistic schoolroom, such as the 1 that uses thematic and cross-curricular methods, the instructor is non merely a protagonist and assistant but besides a scholar. This is because the work is based on subjects that the instructor may non be used to, it brings the instructor down to the same degree of the kid and the student about takes charge in look intoing by inquiring inquiries. The instructor ‘s chief function is to make an ambiance in which scholars feel relaxed and do non hold any suppressions therefore scholars ‘ endowments are exploited during the learning procedure. Of class, whilst there are legion benefits to utilizing these methods, there are besides a figure of drawbacks which must be considered. David Hart, former general secretary of the National Association of Head Teachers, â€Å" Theme-based instruction will disfavor students in the passage to secondary. And it will do the secondary instructor ‘s undertaking much more hard. † This is to state that even though there may be benefits to learning like this within a primary schoolroom, students heading from a mostly thematic based manner of learning could perchance happen that the generic manner of learning within secondary instruction i.e. topic-based acquisition, hard to set to. Thus disfavoring the student ‘s learning experience, compared to schoolmates who are used to this type of instruction. Further drawbacks of the methods include the demand for ongoing coaction between instructors and planning, as the subjects must be carefully and thought through in order for them to be meaningful and do sense within the course of study. Chris Woodhead, states in his study of 1992 that, â€Å" It ‘s harder for instructors to construction a consistent proviso in the topics that are deserving analyzing if they ‘re seeking to build links between these topics every bit good. † The excess work that Woodhead remarks on is necessary for the success of the methods because the intertwining of the course of study within that one subject, as stated earlier, may be hard and would necessitate a batch of planning and coaction with other members of staff, and without this excess work from the instructors it is possible that some content that could be covered may be missed. Finally, with respects to planning, the resources available to instructors within a school could besides be a possible obstruction for the two methods. For illustration a school may non hold sufficient ICT resources for all twelvemonth groups to utilize in order to develop these accomplishments during literacy or numeracy lessons. There is besides the possibility that within these Sessionss that some students get confused and lose sight of the chief constructs of the activity or lesson. This could be down to hapless planning and administration of the instructor or due to the student being over-stimulated with the many different activities in gesture within the lesson, therefore, ensuing in the student being ‘spread thinly ‘ across the lesson, go forthing attempts for larning uneffective. The cross-curricula and thematic methods of instruction can be good to instructors and pupils, as discussed antecedently they allow kids to larn in a manner that is most natural to them. As Scott and Ytreberg ( 1990 ) province: â€Å" some kids develop early, some later. Some kids develop bit by bit, others in springs and bounds. It is non possible that at the age of five all kids can make x, at the age of seven they can all make Ys, or that at the age of 10 they can all make z.. † This is to state that kids are all different human existences larning things at different rates. These methods allow all students to pick up the intended acquisition aims and ends through this fact-finding procedure, it ‘s through this procedure that the students become more responsible and engaged in their ain acquisition. In consequence this ‘levels the playing field ‘ leting the students to successfully finish the acquisition aim in their ain manner and within the intended perio d of clip. However, it would be prudent to take to these methods with cautiousness as the drawbacks discussed do look to hold footing such as